50 Questions
What is the main factor for flow in relation to vessel radius?
Bigger radius results in less resistance and more flow
How does viscosity affect resistance and flow?
Increased viscosity leads to increased resistance and decreased flow
What does vasodilation do to resistance and flow?
Decreases resistance and increases flow
What is the relationship between flow rate and velocity?
Flow rate is the volume that passes in time, while velocity is the speed per time
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume?
EDV - ESV
Which valves open during late ventricular systole?
Semilunar (SL) valve
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
SV x HR
Which system decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic
What factors influence stroke volume?
Contractility, venous return, Frank-Starling law
What refers to factors affecting contractility, with positive inotrope increasing contractility?
Inotropic effects
What are the blood vessels that act as pressure reservoirs?
Arteries
What determines blood pressure?
Pressure gradients, resistance, systolic and diastolic pressure
Which mechanisms regulate blood pressure include compensation for increased blood volume and myogenic autoregulation?
Compensation mechanisms
What refers to the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heartbeat?
Stroke volume
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
SV x HR
Which factors affect venous return to the heart?
Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic nervous system
What does Poiseuille’s Law describe?
The resistance in the circulatory system
Which cells make up less than 2% of the heart and generate action potentials?
Autorhythmic cells
At what potential does the action potential in a cardiac contractile cell start?
$-90mV$
What occurs during the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential?
Fast potassium gates close and calcium voltage gates open
Why is the cardiac refractory period longer than skeletal muscle?
Due to the plateau phase preventing tetanus
At what potential does the threshold for depolarization occur in autorhythmic cells?
$-40mV$
Which components are involved in the conducting system of the heart?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and internodal pathways
Which type of capillary has the highest permeability?
Sinusoids
What do ECG waves represent?
Atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization
What are the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial filling, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation
What drives fluid movement and affects capillary exchange?
Colloid osmotic pressure due to solute
Which elements are important components of cardiac cycle physiology?
Atrial/ventricular diastole/systole and isovolumic contraction/relaxation
What influences hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells?
Thrombopoietin
Which system drains excess tissue fluid and transports fats from the intestines?
Lymphatic system
What causes swelling due to disruptions in the balance between capillary filtration and absorption?
Edema
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in altering vessel diameter?
It directly contracts or relaxes smooth muscle in vessels
Where does the baroreceptor reflex send blood pressure information?
Medulla
What is the main reason for the low blood velocity in capillaries?
Large total cross-sectional area
Which method is NOT involved in capillary exchange?
Phagocytosis
What influences capillary filtration and absorption at arterial and venular ends?
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences
Which of the following is NOT a plasma component?
Thrombocytes
Which type of blood cell is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Erythrocytes
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
Which protein is responsible for transporting iron in the plasma?
Transferrin
What is the function of the pleural sac?
Prevents friction and pain while keeping the lungs inflated
Which cells are present in the alveolar sacs for immunity?
Alveolar macrophages
What does Dalton's law state?
The sum of partial pressures in a container adds up to the total gas pressure
Which law explains the relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas?
Boyle's law
What is the role of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory system?
Traps pathogens, separates them from the cilia with saline, and moves them towards the oral cavity for disposal
Which circulation pathway is involved in transporting blood to and from the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Prevents the collapse of alveolar walls by breaking down water polar molecules
Which cells are responsible for surfactant secretion in the alveolar sacs?
Type 2 cells
What are the components of lung volumes and capacities?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
What are the pressure changes involved in quiet breathing in the lungs?
Intrapleural pressure, alveolar pressure, and the volume of air moved in the lungs
Study Notes
Respiratory System and Gas Exchange Processes
- Iron is ingested from the diet and absorbed by active transport; it is then transported in plasma by the transferrin protein to either the liver for storage as ferritin or to the bone marrow to form hemoglobin.
- The steps of hemostasis involve vasoconstriction, forming a platelet plug, and then forming a clot.
- The primary functions of the respiratory system include gas exchange, regulation of body pH, protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances, and vocalization.
- The pleural sac is a double-layered membrane around the lungs that prevents friction and pain while keeping the lungs inflated.
- The alveolar sacs consist of type 1 cells for respiration/gas exchange, type 2 cells for surfactant secretion, and alveolar macrophages for immunity.
- The pulmonary circulation pathway involves the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, and left atrium.
- The mucociliary escalator traps pathogens, separates them from the cilia with saline, and moves them towards the oral cavity for disposal.
- Dalton's law states that the sum of partial pressures in a container adds up to the total gas pressure.
- Boyle's law explains that changing the volume of a container changes the pressure inside, as observed in the respiratory system.
- Lung volumes and capacities include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
- Pressure changes in the lungs during quiet breathing involve intrapleural pressure, alveolar pressure, and the volume of air moved in the lungs.
- Surfactant is a detergent that prevents the collapse of alveolar walls by breaking down water polar molecules in the alveoli.
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system and gas exchange processes with this quiz. Explore topics such as hemostasis, pulmonary circulation, lung volumes, and gas laws. Learn about the functions of the respiratory system and the structures involved in gas exchange.
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