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Questions and Answers
What is the main factor for flow in relation to vessel radius?
What is the main factor for flow in relation to vessel radius?
- Smaller radius results in less resistance and more flow
- Bigger radius results in more resistance and less flow
- Bigger radius results in less resistance and more flow (correct)
- Smaller radius results in more resistance and less flow
How does viscosity affect resistance and flow?
How does viscosity affect resistance and flow?
- Increased viscosity leads to decreased resistance and increased flow
- Increased viscosity leads to increased resistance and decreased flow (correct)
- Viscosity has no effect on resistance and flow
- Increased viscosity leads to increased resistance and increased flow
What does vasodilation do to resistance and flow?
What does vasodilation do to resistance and flow?
- Increases resistance and increases flow
- Has no effect on resistance and flow
- Decreases resistance and increases flow (correct)
- Increases resistance and decreases flow
What is the relationship between flow rate and velocity?
What is the relationship between flow rate and velocity?
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume?
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume?
Which valves open during late ventricular systole?
Which valves open during late ventricular systole?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Which system decreases heart rate?
Which system decreases heart rate?
What factors influence stroke volume?
What factors influence stroke volume?
What refers to factors affecting contractility, with positive inotrope increasing contractility?
What refers to factors affecting contractility, with positive inotrope increasing contractility?
What are the blood vessels that act as pressure reservoirs?
What are the blood vessels that act as pressure reservoirs?
What determines blood pressure?
What determines blood pressure?
Which mechanisms regulate blood pressure include compensation for increased blood volume and myogenic autoregulation?
Which mechanisms regulate blood pressure include compensation for increased blood volume and myogenic autoregulation?
What refers to the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heartbeat?
What refers to the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heartbeat?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Which factors affect venous return to the heart?
Which factors affect venous return to the heart?
What does Poiseuille’s Law describe?
What does Poiseuille’s Law describe?
Which cells make up less than 2% of the heart and generate action potentials?
Which cells make up less than 2% of the heart and generate action potentials?
At what potential does the action potential in a cardiac contractile cell start?
At what potential does the action potential in a cardiac contractile cell start?
What occurs during the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential?
What occurs during the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential?
Why is the cardiac refractory period longer than skeletal muscle?
Why is the cardiac refractory period longer than skeletal muscle?
At what potential does the threshold for depolarization occur in autorhythmic cells?
At what potential does the threshold for depolarization occur in autorhythmic cells?
Which components are involved in the conducting system of the heart?
Which components are involved in the conducting system of the heart?
Which type of capillary has the highest permeability?
Which type of capillary has the highest permeability?
What do ECG waves represent?
What do ECG waves represent?
What are the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?
What are the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?
What drives fluid movement and affects capillary exchange?
What drives fluid movement and affects capillary exchange?
Which elements are important components of cardiac cycle physiology?
Which elements are important components of cardiac cycle physiology?
What influences hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells?
What influences hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells?
Which system drains excess tissue fluid and transports fats from the intestines?
Which system drains excess tissue fluid and transports fats from the intestines?
What causes swelling due to disruptions in the balance between capillary filtration and absorption?
What causes swelling due to disruptions in the balance between capillary filtration and absorption?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in altering vessel diameter?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in altering vessel diameter?
Where does the baroreceptor reflex send blood pressure information?
Where does the baroreceptor reflex send blood pressure information?
What is the main reason for the low blood velocity in capillaries?
What is the main reason for the low blood velocity in capillaries?
Which method is NOT involved in capillary exchange?
Which method is NOT involved in capillary exchange?
What influences capillary filtration and absorption at arterial and venular ends?
What influences capillary filtration and absorption at arterial and venular ends?
Which of the following is NOT a plasma component?
Which of the following is NOT a plasma component?
Which type of blood cell is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Which type of blood cell is responsible for transporting oxygen?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which protein is responsible for transporting iron in the plasma?
Which protein is responsible for transporting iron in the plasma?
What is the function of the pleural sac?
What is the function of the pleural sac?
Which cells are present in the alveolar sacs for immunity?
Which cells are present in the alveolar sacs for immunity?
What does Dalton's law state?
What does Dalton's law state?
Which law explains the relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas?
Which law explains the relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas?
What is the role of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory system?
Which circulation pathway is involved in transporting blood to and from the lungs?
Which circulation pathway is involved in transporting blood to and from the lungs?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Which cells are responsible for surfactant secretion in the alveolar sacs?
Which cells are responsible for surfactant secretion in the alveolar sacs?
What are the components of lung volumes and capacities?
What are the components of lung volumes and capacities?
What are the pressure changes involved in quiet breathing in the lungs?
What are the pressure changes involved in quiet breathing in the lungs?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System and Gas Exchange Processes
- Iron is ingested from the diet and absorbed by active transport; it is then transported in plasma by the transferrin protein to either the liver for storage as ferritin or to the bone marrow to form hemoglobin.
- The steps of hemostasis involve vasoconstriction, forming a platelet plug, and then forming a clot.
- The primary functions of the respiratory system include gas exchange, regulation of body pH, protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances, and vocalization.
- The pleural sac is a double-layered membrane around the lungs that prevents friction and pain while keeping the lungs inflated.
- The alveolar sacs consist of type 1 cells for respiration/gas exchange, type 2 cells for surfactant secretion, and alveolar macrophages for immunity.
- The pulmonary circulation pathway involves the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, and left atrium.
- The mucociliary escalator traps pathogens, separates them from the cilia with saline, and moves them towards the oral cavity for disposal.
- Dalton's law states that the sum of partial pressures in a container adds up to the total gas pressure.
- Boyle's law explains that changing the volume of a container changes the pressure inside, as observed in the respiratory system.
- Lung volumes and capacities include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
- Pressure changes in the lungs during quiet breathing involve intrapleural pressure, alveolar pressure, and the volume of air moved in the lungs.
- Surfactant is a detergent that prevents the collapse of alveolar walls by breaking down water polar molecules in the alveoli.
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