Sheet 1 Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What gases does the respiratory system focus on maintaining for homeostasis?

  • Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen (correct)
  • Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen
  • Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, Helium
  • Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydroxide

    • What are the normal values for PaO2, PaCO2, and pH in Arterial Blood Gases (ABG's)?

  • 90mmHg, 45mmHg, 7.3
  • 80mmHg, 50mmHg, 7.0
  • 110mmHg, 35mmHg, 7.2
  • 100mmHg, 40mmHg, 7.4 (correct)

    • Which gas is considered essential for cells to live and function properly?

  • Helium
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Nitrogen

    • What is the main cause of Hypoxia?

    <p>Cyanide poisoning or bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the mitochondria that produces 34 ATP from pyruvate?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule during Cellular Respiration?

    <p>26 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atmospheric pressure on top of Mount Everest?

    <p>226 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for a respiratory disease resulting from obstructions in the conductive zone?

    <p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>O2 (Oxygen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas makes up approximately 79% of the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't people breathe or live on the top of Mount Everest?

    <p>Due to the lack of capillaries for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone deals with restriction-related diseases in the lungs?

    <p>Respiratory Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

    <p>It decreases linearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is known as the Anatomical Dead Space?

    <p>The conductive zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prescribing Bronchodilation drugs to patients with COPD?

    <p>Decrease resistance in the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the lungs is described as an inflatable or compliant zone?

    <p>Respiratory Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At an altitude of 5.5 km, what is the approximate atmospheric pressure?

    <p>380 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is CO2 able to diffuse more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?

    <p>Because CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does resistance (R) in blood vessels increase with according to a law mentioned in the text?

    <p>Length (L) and viscosity (η)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a building is 11 km above sea level, what will be the approximate pressure values?

    <p>Patm=190 mmHg, PO2=40 mmHg, PN2=150 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lung diseases fall under the conducting zone diseases category?

    <p>~70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a small change in the radius of a blood vessel affect resistance according to the text?

    <p>It causes a huge change in resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dead anatomical space' refers to which zone of the lungs?

    <p>Conducting Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation PvO2 in the context provided?

    <p>Venous partial pressure of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does the RBC reach equilibrium with PAO2 in the context provided?

    <p>0.3 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial pressure abbreviation in the context provided?

    <p>PAO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the time=0.8 second in the context provided?

    <p>PO2 equals 100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers compose the Respiratory Membrane as mentioned by the doctor in the context provided?

    <p>6 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hypoxia unlikely due to diffusion problems as stated in the context?

    <p>Oxygen can cross biological membranes easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential causes of HYPOXIA as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Toxins like Cyanide poisoning and decrease in O2 utilisation by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential molecule for cells to live, as emphasized in the text?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during the stages of Cellular Respiration discussed?

    <p>36 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Cellular Respiration occurs outside the mitochondria, converting 1 glucose to 2 pyruvates and producing 2 ATP?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if the lung does not maintain the normal limits of ABG's gases, as described in the text?

    <p>Abnormalities in lung function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone does glycolysis occur during Cellular Respiration?

    <p>Conducting zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hypoxia refer to as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decrease in O2 utilisation by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does O2 play in Cellular Respiration, according to the information provided?

    <p>Energy production by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the conductive zone in the respiratory system?

    <p>Conducting air in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is high altitude considered one of the main reasons for Hypoxia?

    <p>Resulting in a reduction of available oxygen for breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is an obstruction in the airways according to the text?

    <p>Increase in resistance (R)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason that CO2 diffuses more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?

    <p>It is 20 times more soluble than O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does resistance (R) in blood vessels increase with according to the law mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increase in vessel radius to the fourth power (r^4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people at high altitudes like Everest face difficulty breathing?

    <p>Reduced atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the conductive zone and the respiratory zone in the lungs?

    <p>Presence of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does any small change in blood vessel radius result in a huge change in resistance?

    <p>The resistance formula is nonlinear with respect to radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung disease falls under the category of conducting zone diseases?

    <p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the lungs deals with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Respiratory zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To decrease resistance in patients with difficulty breathing, what type of drugs are prescribed?

    <p>Bronchodilation drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lung diseases fall under the category of vascular zone diseases?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the respiratory zone becomes rigid and spiffed?

    <p>Increased resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an obstruction in the conductive zone lead to?

    <p>Obstructive Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a lung disease caused by obstructions in the conducting zone?

    <p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the conductive zone in the lungs?

    <p>'Dead anatomical space'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological temperature mentioned in the text?

    <p>37°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total pressure in the conductive zone is contributed by PH2O?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the anatomical space, what does the PO2 value represent?

    <p>Oxygen pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total pressure inside the alveoli according to the text?

    <p>$200$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is considered a 'spectator molecule' with no significant role in the respiratory system?

    <p>Nitrogen (N2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to maintain the PO2 level in the respiratory system?

    <p>To avoid physical injury in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas contributes a significant portion of the dead anatomical space's pressure?

    <p>$ ext{PN}_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding water vapor to the air in the respiratory system?

    <p>Humidify dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a red blood cell (RBC) spend in the capillaries during one cardiac cycle?

    <p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the RBC become equal to the alveolar pressure (PAO2)?

    <p>0.3 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers compose the Respiratory Membrane for oxygen to cross?

    <p>6 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where oxygen attaches to hemoglobin to form HbO2?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context provided, which blood pressure is denoted by Pv-O2?

    <p>Mixed venous pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in the form of HbO2?

    <p>$4$ oxygen molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of hypoxia being unlikely due to diffusion problems as stated in the context?

    <p>'HbO2' formation in capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at 0.8 seconds in the context provided?

    <p>$100$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining the PH2O level in the respiratory system?

    <p>Prevents damage to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is PH2O always set at 47 mmHg in the respiratory system?

    <p>To prevent damage due to dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas does NOT significantly contribute to the pressure in the dead anatomical space of the respiratory system?

    <p>PN2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of goblet cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Add water vapor to humidify air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the conductive zone of the lungs, which gas contributes the LEAST to the total pressure?

    <p>PO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of dry air reaching the alveoli according to the text?

    <p>Physical injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological role of water vapor (H2Og) in the respiratory system?

    <p>Humidifying dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why individuals can't breathe or live on the top of Mount Everest?

    <p>The high altitude leading to decreased atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the respiratory system's anatomical point of view, which zone functions as the Anatomical Dead Space?

    <p>Conductive zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does resistance in blood vessels increase with, according to the law mentioned in the text?

    <p>Vessel length and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is CO2 able to diffuse more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?

    <p>Higher solubility of CO2 in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law states that resistance (R) in blood vessels is directly proportional to vessel length and viscosity, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power?

    <p>Poiseuille's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the conductive zone in the respiratory system?

    <p>Conducting air in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the lungs deals with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Respiratory zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate atmospheric pressure on top of Mount Everest?

    <p>$200$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the lungs is primarily associated with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Respiratory zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient is suffering from difficulty in breathing due to resistance in the conductive zone, what type of drugs are usually prescribed to them?

    <p>Branchiodilation drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of lung diseases categorized under the conducting zone?

    <p>They obstruct airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context provided, what percentage of lung diseases fall under the vascular zone diseases category?

    <p>Around 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does an obstruction in the conducting zone have on the respiratory system?

    <p>Causes difficulty in breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we describe the conductive zone as 'dead anatomical space' in the respiratory system?

    <p>Because gases don't participate here in diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the respiratory zone fails to be inflatable or compliant?

    <p>It becomes rigid and spiffed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we prescribe Bronchiodilation drugs to patients with COPD?

    <p>To decrease resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atmospheric pressure at a building located 11km above sea level?

    <p>It decreases to 190mmHg for Patm, 40mmHg for PO2, and 150mmHg for PN2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contributor to the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>N2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high altitudes like Everest, why do people face difficulty breathing?

    <p>Due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure and subsequently lower oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate pressure value for PO2 at an altitude of 5.5km?

    <p>80mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does CO2 play in the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>It is considered a spectator molecule with little impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does altitude affect the pressure values as you move away from sea level?

    <p>Pressure values decrease inversely proportional to altitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the composition of gases in the atmosphere contribute to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>By influencing the weight of the air column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when it is stated that CO2 is considered as 0% in atmospheric pressure calculations?

    <p>'The effect of CO2 is negligible compared to N2 and O2.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is affected first in case of a problem in the lungs, according to the provided information?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does O2 diffuse from arterioles to interstitial, according to the text?

    <p>Due to a high PaO2 in arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PO2 in venous blood equal according to the provided information?

    <p>PO2 in interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is CO2 more diffusible than O2 as explained in the text?

    <p>Concentration gradient differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate oxygen pressure (PO2) in alveolar air according to the text?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oxygen primarily diffuse from in the systemic circulation?

    <p>Arteries to interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does oxygen diffuse more easily than CO2 across biological membranes?

    <p>Greater partial pressure gradient for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the respiratory system, what does a PO2 of 40 mmHg indicate?

    <p>&quot;Low&quot; oxygen concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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