108 Questions
What gases does the respiratory system focus on maintaining for homeostasis?
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
What are the normal values for PaO2, PaCO2, and pH in Arterial Blood Gases (ABG's)?
100mmHg, 40mmHg, 7.4
Which gas is considered essential for cells to live and function properly?
Oxygen
What is the main cause of Hypoxia?
Cyanide poisoning or bacterial infections
What process occurs in the mitochondria that produces 34 ATP from pyruvate?
Krebs cycle
How many ATP molecules are produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule during Cellular Respiration?
26 ATP
What is the atmospheric pressure on top of Mount Everest?
226 mmHg
What term is used for a respiratory disease resulting from obstructions in the conductive zone?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
What is the main component of atmospheric pressure at sea level?
O2 (Oxygen)
Which gas makes up approximately 79% of the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
Why can't people breathe or live on the top of Mount Everest?
Due to the lack of capillaries for gas exchange
Which zone deals with restriction-related diseases in the lungs?
Respiratory Zone
How does the atmospheric pressure change with altitude?
It decreases linearly
Which part of the respiratory system is known as the Anatomical Dead Space?
The conductive zone
What is the purpose of prescribing Bronchodilation drugs to patients with COPD?
Decrease resistance in the airways
Which zone of the lungs is described as an inflatable or compliant zone?
Respiratory Zone
At an altitude of 5.5 km, what is the approximate atmospheric pressure?
380 mmHg
Why is CO2 able to diffuse more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?
Because CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2
What factor does resistance (R) in blood vessels increase with according to a law mentioned in the text?
Length (L) and viscosity (η)
If a building is 11 km above sea level, what will be the approximate pressure values?
Patm=190 mmHg, PO2=40 mmHg, PN2=150 mmHg
What percentage of lung diseases fall under the conducting zone diseases category?
~70%
How does a small change in the radius of a blood vessel affect resistance according to the text?
It causes a huge change in resistance
'Dead anatomical space' refers to which zone of the lungs?
Conducting Zone
What is the abbreviation PvO2 in the context provided?
Venous partial pressure of oxygen
At what point does the RBC reach equilibrium with PAO2 in the context provided?
0.3 seconds
What is the arterial pressure abbreviation in the context provided?
PAO2
What happens when the time=0.8 second in the context provided?
PO2 equals 100 mmHg
How many layers compose the Respiratory Membrane as mentioned by the doctor in the context provided?
6 layers
Why is hypoxia unlikely due to diffusion problems as stated in the context?
Oxygen can cross biological membranes easily
What are the potential causes of HYPOXIA as mentioned in the text?
Toxins like Cyanide poisoning and decrease in O2 utilisation by cells
What is the essential molecule for cells to live, as emphasized in the text?
Oxygen
How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during the stages of Cellular Respiration discussed?
36 ATP
Which stage of Cellular Respiration occurs outside the mitochondria, converting 1 glucose to 2 pyruvates and producing 2 ATP?
Glycolysis
What is a potential consequence if the lung does not maintain the normal limits of ABG's gases, as described in the text?
Abnormalities in lung function
In which zone does glycolysis occur during Cellular Respiration?
Conducting zone
What does Hypoxia refer to as mentioned in the text?
Decrease in O2 utilisation by cells
What role does O2 play in Cellular Respiration, according to the information provided?
Energy production by cells
What is the main function of the conductive zone in the respiratory system?
Conducting air in and out
Why is high altitude considered one of the main reasons for Hypoxia?
Resulting in a reduction of available oxygen for breathing
What happens if there is an obstruction in the airways according to the text?
Increase in resistance (R)
What is the reason that CO2 diffuses more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?
It is 20 times more soluble than O2
What factor does resistance (R) in blood vessels increase with according to the law mentioned in the text?
Increase in vessel radius to the fourth power (r^4)
Why do people at high altitudes like Everest face difficulty breathing?
Reduced atmospheric pressure
What is the main difference between the conductive zone and the respiratory zone in the lungs?
Presence of gas exchange
Why does any small change in blood vessel radius result in a huge change in resistance?
The resistance formula is nonlinear with respect to radius
What type of lung disease falls under the category of conducting zone diseases?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Which zone of the lungs deals with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?
Respiratory zone
To decrease resistance in patients with difficulty breathing, what type of drugs are prescribed?
Bronchodilation drugs
What percentage of lung diseases fall under the category of vascular zone diseases?
10%
What happens if the respiratory zone becomes rigid and spiffed?
Increased resistance
What does an obstruction in the conductive zone lead to?
Obstructive Disease
Which term describes a lung disease caused by obstructions in the conducting zone?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What term is used to describe the conductive zone in the lungs?
'Dead anatomical space'
What is the physiological temperature mentioned in the text?
37°C
What percentage of the total pressure in the conductive zone is contributed by PH2O?
20%
In the anatomical space, what does the PO2 value represent?
Oxygen pressure
What is the total pressure inside the alveoli according to the text?
$200$ mmHg
Which gas is considered a 'spectator molecule' with no significant role in the respiratory system?
Nitrogen (N2)
Why is it crucial to maintain the PO2 level in the respiratory system?
To avoid physical injury in alveoli
What gas contributes a significant portion of the dead anatomical space's pressure?
$ ext{PN}_2$
What is the purpose of adding water vapor to the air in the respiratory system?
Humidify dry air
How long does a red blood cell (RBC) spend in the capillaries during one cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
At what point does the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the RBC become equal to the alveolar pressure (PAO2)?
0.3 seconds
How many layers compose the Respiratory Membrane for oxygen to cross?
6 layers
What is the primary location where oxygen attaches to hemoglobin to form HbO2?
Capillaries
In the context provided, which blood pressure is denoted by Pv-O2?
Mixed venous pressure
How many oxygen molecules are attached to each hemoglobin molecule in the form of HbO2?
$4$ oxygen molecules
What is the main cause of hypoxia being unlikely due to diffusion problems as stated in the context?
'HbO2' formation in capillaries
What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at 0.8 seconds in the context provided?
$100$ mmHg
What is the significance of maintaining the PH2O level in the respiratory system?
Prevents damage to the alveoli
Why is PH2O always set at 47 mmHg in the respiratory system?
To prevent damage due to dry air
Which gas does NOT significantly contribute to the pressure in the dead anatomical space of the respiratory system?
PN2
What is the main function of goblet cells in the respiratory system?
Add water vapor to humidify air
In the conductive zone of the lungs, which gas contributes the LEAST to the total pressure?
PO2
What is the consequence of dry air reaching the alveoli according to the text?
Physical injury
What is the primary physiological role of water vapor (H2Og) in the respiratory system?
Humidifying dry air
What is the primary reason why individuals can't breathe or live on the top of Mount Everest?
The high altitude leading to decreased atmospheric pressure
In the respiratory system's anatomical point of view, which zone functions as the Anatomical Dead Space?
Conductive zone
What factor does resistance in blood vessels increase with, according to the law mentioned in the text?
Vessel length and blood viscosity
Why is CO2 able to diffuse more easily than O2 in the respiratory zone?
Higher solubility of CO2 in blood
Which law states that resistance (R) in blood vessels is directly proportional to vessel length and viscosity, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power?
Poiseuille's Law
What is the main function of the conductive zone in the respiratory system?
Conducting air in and out
Which zone of the lungs deals with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?
Respiratory zone
What is the approximate atmospheric pressure on top of Mount Everest?
$200$ mmHg
Which zone of the lungs is primarily associated with diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?
Respiratory zone
If a patient is suffering from difficulty in breathing due to resistance in the conductive zone, what type of drugs are usually prescribed to them?
Branchiodilation drugs
What is the common feature of lung diseases categorized under the conducting zone?
They obstruct airflow
In the context provided, what percentage of lung diseases fall under the vascular zone diseases category?
Around 10%
What impact does an obstruction in the conducting zone have on the respiratory system?
Causes difficulty in breathing
Why do we describe the conductive zone as 'dead anatomical space' in the respiratory system?
Because gases don't participate here in diffusion
What happens if the respiratory zone fails to be inflatable or compliant?
It becomes rigid and spiffed
Why do we prescribe Bronchiodilation drugs to patients with COPD?
To decrease resistance
What happens to the atmospheric pressure at a building located 11km above sea level?
It decreases to 190mmHg for Patm, 40mmHg for PO2, and 150mmHg for PN2.
What is the main contributor to the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
N2
At high altitudes like Everest, why do people face difficulty breathing?
Due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure and subsequently lower oxygen levels.
What is the approximate pressure value for PO2 at an altitude of 5.5km?
80mmHg
What role does CO2 play in the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
It is considered a spectator molecule with little impact.
How does altitude affect the pressure values as you move away from sea level?
Pressure values decrease inversely proportional to altitude.
In what way does the composition of gases in the atmosphere contribute to atmospheric pressure?
By influencing the weight of the air column.
What does it mean when it is stated that CO2 is considered as 0% in atmospheric pressure calculations?
'The effect of CO2 is negligible compared to N2 and O2.'
Which gas is affected first in case of a problem in the lungs, according to the provided information?
CO2
Why does O2 diffuse from arterioles to interstitial, according to the text?
Due to a high PaO2 in arterioles
What does the PO2 in venous blood equal according to the provided information?
PO2 in interstitial
Why is CO2 more diffusible than O2 as explained in the text?
Concentration gradient differences
What is the approximate oxygen pressure (PO2) in alveolar air according to the text?
100 mmHg
Where does oxygen primarily diffuse from in the systemic circulation?
Arteries to interstitial
Why does oxygen diffuse more easily than CO2 across biological membranes?
Greater partial pressure gradient for oxygen
In the respiratory system, what does a PO2 of 40 mmHg indicate?
"Low" oxygen concentration
Test your knowledge about the respiratory system's role in maintaining gases like O2, CO2, and H2 for Arterial Blood Gases (ABG’s). Understand the normal values for PaO2, PaCO2, and PH, and their significance in homeostasis.
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