Respiratory System Anatomy and Function

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of surfactant in the respiratory system?

  • Protecting the alveoli from pathogen invasion.
  • Reducing surface tension in the alveoli to prevent collapse. (correct)
  • Facilitating gas exchange in the conducting portion of the lungs.
  • Increasing the rate of oxygen diffusion into the blood.

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?

  • It fluctuates unpredictably.
  • It remains constant.
  • It decreases. (correct)
  • It increases proportionally.

During exhalation, what changes occur in the diaphragm and rib muscles, and how does this affect lung volume and air movement?

  • Diaphragm contracts and lowers, rib muscles contract; lung volume increases, air flows into lungs.
  • Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, rib muscles relax; lung volume decreases, air flows out of lungs. (correct)
  • Diaphragm and rib muscles both relax; lung volume increases, air flows into lungs.
  • Diaphragm and rib muscles both contract; lung volume decreases, air flows out of lungs.

What is the primary driving force for gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

<p>Differences in partial pressures of gases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do central chemoreceptors influence breathing rate, and what specific changes do they detect?

<p>They detect changes in cerebrospinal fluid H+ concentration (pH) and influence breathing rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood pH regulation, how does hypercapnia typically affect blood pH, and what condition does it lead to?

<p>Decreases blood pH, leading to acidosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of erythropoiesis in maintaining oxygen levels, and what primary condition stimulates this process?

<p>Increasing red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence accurately reflects the flow of air from the environment to the site of gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>Nose, bronchioles, alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the context of neural control of breathing?

<p>To regulate the passage of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid, influencing central chemoreceptor function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cardiovascular system interact with the respiratory system to facilitate gas transport?

<p>By transporting the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the lungs and the tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport, and where is it located?

<p>It binds to oxygen to facilitate transport and is located in red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In blood typing, what determines a person's blood type, and what is agglutination?

<p>Presence of antigens on red blood cells; clumping of red blood cells due to antibody-antigen interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

<p>By circulating lymph, which contains lymphocytes that help to fight infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is a rapid, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity is a slower, specific response involving immunological memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of T-cells in the adaptive immune response?

<p>Killing infected cells and coordinating the immune response through cytokine release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B-cells in the adaptive immune response?

<p>Producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the innate immune response?

<p>By directly killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of MHC I and MHC II molecules in the immune response?

<p>They present antigens to T-cells to initiate an immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an innate defense mechanism?

<p>Skin and mucous membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cause of a fever?

<p>Release of pyrogens, which reset the body's thermostat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Intrapleural Pressure

Pressure within the pleural cavity.

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure exerted by the atmosphere.

Intrapulmonary Pressure

Pressure within the lungs.

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Boyle's Law

Pressure and volume are inversely related.

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Inhalation

Lowers diaphragm, contracts rib muscles, increases volume, and decreases pressure to draw air in.

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Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes, rib muscles relax, decreases volume, and increases pressure to push air out.

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Dalton's Law

Gases diffuse down their partial pressure gradient.

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Central Chemoreceptors

Detect changes in H+ (pH).

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T-Cells

Lymphatic system defense.

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B-Cells

Lymphatic system defense.

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Natural Killers

Lymphatic system defense.

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Innate Immunity

Nonspecific immune response.

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Adaptive Immunity

Specific immune response.

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MHC I

Found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to T cells.

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MHC II

Found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and present antigens to T cells.

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Hematrocrit

Blood volume percentage occupied by erythrocytes.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System

  • Functional organization and anatomy traces the flow of air through the system.

Conducting Portion

  • The conducting portion includes the nose and bronchioles.
  • Serves to protect and defend the respiratory system.

Respiratory Portion

  • Includes the bronchioles and alveoli.
  • Surfactant is present.
  • Gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary Ventilation

  • Intrapleural pressure is a factor.
  • Atmospheric pressure is a factor.
  • Intrapulmonary pressure is also a factor.
  • Boyle’s Law states that pressure and volume are inversely related, therefore gradients of pressure cause air movement into or out of lungs.
  • The pleura and pleural cavity include the visceral and parietal layers.
  • Lung mechanics depend on inhalation and exhalation.
    • Inhalation involves the diaphragm contracting and lowering, as well as rib muscles contracting and expanding, which leads to more volume, less pressure, and air flowing into the lungs.
    • Exhalation involves the diaphragm relaxing and moving up, as well as rib muscles relaxing, which leads to less volume, more pressure, and air flowing out of the lungs.
  • Respiratory rate is a key component.

Gas Diffusion

  • Dalton’s Law (partial pressures) - gases diffuse down a pressure gradient.
  • This occurs across the respiratory membrane.
  • O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood and then to red blood cells (RBCs).
  • CO2 moves from RBCs to blood to alveoli.
  • Gas transport happens by red blood cells.

Neural Control of Breathing

  • This mechanism controls respiratory rate and helps maintain blood pH.
  • Central chemoreceptors detect changes in H+ (pH).
  • The cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier (BBB) are involved.
  • The carbonic acid equation is relevant.
    • Hypercapnia leads to acidosis
    • Hypocapnia leads to alkalosis
  • Afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons play a role.
    • Chemoreceptors
    • Inspiratory neurons
    • Expiratory neurons
  • Cardiovascular neural circuits control gas transport.

Blood

  • Functions:
    • Transports
    • Protects
    • Regulates

Hematocrit

  • Involves red blood cells.
    • Shape and function are important.
    • Characteristics are relevant.
    • It's important to understand hemoglobin function.
    • Erythropoiesis is the response under oxygen deficiency.
  • Anemia and polycythemia are conditions.

Composition of blood

Hemostasis

  • Vascular phase.
  • Platelet phase.
  • Coagulation phase.

Blood Typing

  • Important factors include:
    • Antigens (A, B, Rh)
    • Antibodies
    • Agglutination
  • It's important to identify blood type from sample blood pictures.
  • Pregnancy is affected when the female is Rh- and the male is Rh+.

Immunology

Lymphatic System

  • Includes lymph fluid, lymph nodes, special organs.
  • Contains three classes of lymphocytes.
    • T-cells: Know its difference between this and a B-cell
    • B-cells
    • Natural killers

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate (non-specific) vs. Adaptive (specific) immunity
    • 7 Innate defenses
    • Specific: know worksheet 11
    • Specific: MHC I and II
  • Lines of defense exist.
  • Fever is caused by innate responses.

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