30 Questions
What is the medical term for noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, and what is the direct lung injury cause of this condition?
Acute Lung Injury (ALI), and pneumonia and aspiration of gastric contents are common causes of direct lung injury.
What are the common causes of indirect lung injury in Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?
Sepsis and severe trauma or burn, especially with shock and multiple transfusions.
What are the clinical features of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?
Profound dyspnoea, tachypnoea, increasing respiratory failure, hypoxemia, cyanosis, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates on radiograph.
What is the histologic manifestation of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) on microscopy?
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized by congestion, interstitial and intra-alveolar oedema, inflammation, and fibrin deposit.
What is the characteristic finding on the alveolar walls in Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?
The alveolar walls become lined with waxy hyaline membranes, which are fibrin-rich oedema fluid mixed with the cytoplasmic and lipid remnants of necrotic epithelial cells.
What is a less common cause of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?
Transfusion-related acute lung injury.
What are the three stages of lung repair following an injury?
Acute exudative stage, Proliferative/organizing stage, and Late fibrotic stage
What is the main characteristic of obstructive lung disease?
Increased resistance to airflow due to partial or complete obstruction
What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Exposure to noxious particles or gases, with 80% due to smoking
What are the two clinical entities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What is the characteristic of centriacinar emphysema?
The central or proximal part of the acini is affected
What is the characteristic of panacinar emphysema?
The acini are uniformly enlarged
What is the typical distribution of emphysema in smoking-related disease?
Upper 2/3 of the lungs, with the apical region most affected.
What is the primary initiating factor in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis?
Noxious or irritating inhaled substances, such as tobacco smoke.
What is the effect of cigarette smoke on airway-lining cells?
Damage to airway-lining cells, leading to chronic inflammation and impaired mucous secretion.
What is the characteristic macroscopic feature of chronic bronchitis?
Hyperaemia, swelling, and oedema of the mucous membrane, with excessive mucinous or mucopurulent secretions.
What is the hallmark of asthma, according to its definition?
Chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow obstruction.
How many types of asthma are mentioned in the text?
4
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in atopic asthma?
Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity reaction
What are the common triggers of non-atopic asthma?
Respiratory infections due to viruses
What is the pathogenesis of atopic asthma?
Exaggerated Th2-mediated IgE response to environmental allergens in genetically predisposed individuals
What is the characteristic microscopic feature of asthma?
Curshmann spirals, oesinophils, and extracellular Charcot-Leyden crystals
What is the role of Th2 cells in the pathogenesis of atopic asthma?
Th2 cells secrete cytokines to promote inflammation and stimulate B cells to produce IgE and other antibodies
What is the characteristic macroscopic feature of asthma?
Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick, tenacious mucus plugs, which often contain shed epithelium
What is the typical age range for the onset of symptoms in bronchiectasis?
First two decades of life
What is the role of HRCT in diagnosing bronchiectasis?
Showing airway dilation and wall thickening
What is a common complication of bronchiectasis?
Haemoptysis
What is a congenital cause of bronchiectasis?
Cystic fibrosis
What is the characteristic pattern of bronchiectasis on macroscopy?
Affects the lower lobes bilaterally
What is the term for lung reactions to inhaled mineral dusts in the workplace?
Pneumoconiosis
This quiz covers the causes and types of Acute Lung Injury (ALI), also known as noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Learn about direct and indirect lung injury, common causes, and less common causes.
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