Respiratory System: Acute Lung Injury (ALI)

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What is the medical term for noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, and what is the direct lung injury cause of this condition?

Acute Lung Injury (ALI), and pneumonia and aspiration of gastric contents are common causes of direct lung injury.

What are the common causes of indirect lung injury in Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?

Sepsis and severe trauma or burn, especially with shock and multiple transfusions.

What are the clinical features of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?

Profound dyspnoea, tachypnoea, increasing respiratory failure, hypoxemia, cyanosis, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates on radiograph.

What is the histologic manifestation of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) on microscopy?

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized by congestion, interstitial and intra-alveolar oedema, inflammation, and fibrin deposit. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic finding on the alveolar walls in Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?

The alveolar walls become lined with waxy hyaline membranes, which are fibrin-rich oedema fluid mixed with the cytoplasmic and lipid remnants of necrotic epithelial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a less common cause of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)?

Transfusion-related acute lung injury. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of lung repair following an injury?

Acute exudative stage, Proliferative/organizing stage, and Late fibrotic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of obstructive lung disease?

Increased resistance to airflow due to partial or complete obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Exposure to noxious particles or gases, with 80% due to smoking Signup and view all the answers

What are the two clinical entities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of centriacinar emphysema?

The central or proximal part of the acini is affected Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of panacinar emphysema?

The acini are uniformly enlarged Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical distribution of emphysema in smoking-related disease?

Upper 2/3 of the lungs, with the apical region most affected. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary initiating factor in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis?

Noxious or irritating inhaled substances, such as tobacco smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cigarette smoke on airway-lining cells?

Damage to airway-lining cells, leading to chronic inflammation and impaired mucous secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic macroscopic feature of chronic bronchitis?

Hyperaemia, swelling, and oedema of the mucous membrane, with excessive mucinous or mucopurulent secretions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of asthma, according to its definition?

Chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow obstruction. Signup and view all the answers

How many types of asthma are mentioned in the text?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in atopic asthma?

Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity reaction Signup and view all the answers

What are the common triggers of non-atopic asthma?

Respiratory infections due to viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of atopic asthma?

Exaggerated Th2-mediated IgE response to environmental allergens in genetically predisposed individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic microscopic feature of asthma?

Curshmann spirals, oesinophils, and extracellular Charcot-Leyden crystals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Th2 cells in the pathogenesis of atopic asthma?

Th2 cells secrete cytokines to promote inflammation and stimulate B cells to produce IgE and other antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic macroscopic feature of asthma?

Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick, tenacious mucus plugs, which often contain shed epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the onset of symptoms in bronchiectasis?

First two decades of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HRCT in diagnosing bronchiectasis?

Showing airway dilation and wall thickening Signup and view all the answers