Respiratory System: Acute Lung Injury (ALI)

Acute Lung Injury (ALI), and pneumonia and aspiration of gastric contents are common causes of direct lung injury.

Sepsis and severe trauma or burn, especially with shock and multiple transfusions.

Profound dyspnoea, tachypnoea, increasing respiratory failure, hypoxemia, cyanosis, and diffuse bilateral infiltrates on radiograph.

<p>Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized by congestion, interstitial and intra-alveolar oedema, inflammation, and fibrin deposit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alveolar walls become lined with waxy hyaline membranes, which are fibrin-rich oedema fluid mixed with the cytoplasmic and lipid remnants of necrotic epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfusion-related acute lung injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exudative stage, Proliferative/organizing stage, and Late fibrotic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased resistance to airflow due to partial or complete obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to noxious particles or gases, with 80% due to smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema and chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central or proximal part of the acini is affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acini are uniformly enlarged</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper 2/3 of the lungs, with the apical region most affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noxious or irritating inhaled substances, such as tobacco smoke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to airway-lining cells, leading to chronic inflammation and impaired mucous secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperaemia, swelling, and oedema of the mucous membrane, with excessive mucinous or mucopurulent secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory infections due to viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exaggerated Th2-mediated IgE response to environmental allergens in genetically predisposed individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Curshmann spirals, oesinophils, and extracellular Charcot-Leyden crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Th2 cells secrete cytokines to promote inflammation and stimulate B cells to produce IgE and other antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occlusion of bronchi and bronchioles by thick, tenacious mucus plugs, which often contain shed epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First two decades of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Showing airway dilation and wall thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemoptysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affects the lower lobes bilaterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumoconiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers