Respiratory Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What primarily determines the elastic behavior of the lungs?

  • Airway pressure during ventilation
  • Elastic connective tissue and alveolar surface tension (correct)
  • Muscular contraction of the diaphragm
  • Volume of the lungs at rest

What is described as the stretchability of the lungs?

  • Alveolar pressure
  • Elastic recoil
  • Resilience
  • Compliance (correct)

What condition is characterized by decreased lung compliance?

  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary fibrosis (correct)
  • Asthma
  • Chronic bronchitis

What factor does elastic recoil of the lungs depend on?

<p>Connective tissue and alveolar surface tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call a lung that lacks normal stretchability?

<p>Stiff lung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of surfactant DPPC is typically recycled back into type II pneumocytes?

<p>90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns?

<p>Deficiency of surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following surfactant treatments is derived from cow lung?

<p>Surfactant TA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vaginal delivery contribute to surfactant production in premature lungs?

<p>By increasing cortisol production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a synthetic pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Lucinactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in human physiology?

<p>It's a signaling molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the therapeutic uses of surfactant in newborns?

<p>To treat respiratory distress syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance reduces surface tension in the lungs to prevent collapse?

<p>Pulmonary surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lamellar bodies in the lungs?

<p>Storage and secretion of surfactant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what developmental stage do lamellar bodies first appear in the cytoplasm?

<p>About 20 weeks gestation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do lamellar bodies transform into after being secreted into the alveolar lining fluid?

<p>Tubular myelin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surfactant protein plays a crucial role in the formation of tubular myelin?

<p>SP-A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of surfactant stored in full-term infants?

<p>100 mg/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to surfactant during the process of alveolar respiration?

<p>It gets recycled by type II cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to surfactant phospholipids in the alveolar space?

<p>They form tubular myelin structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of surfactant present in preterm infants at birth?

<p>4–5 mg/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>It lowers the alveolar surface tension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance constitutes the majority of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does pulmonary surfactant have on lung compliance?

<p>It increases lung compliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What composition primarily includes surfactant proteins?

<p>Apolipoproteins and surfactant proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the fluidity of surfactant important for its function?

<p>It enhances the adsorption capacity at the air-water interface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the defense roles of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>It provides defense against infection and inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary surfactant affect the likelihood of lung collapse?

<p>It reduces the tendency of the lungs to recoil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) makes it particularly suitable for surfactant function?

<p>Its amphipathic behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do collectins, such as SP-A and SP-D, serve in the immune system?

<p>They promote phagocytosis by macrophages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of surfactant is primarily responsible for increasing the spread of surfactant over the surface of the lungs?

<p>SP-C (A), SP-B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to individuals born without SP-B?

<p>They develop intractable respiratory failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are SP-B and SP-C processed in the cell before being secreted into the alveolar airspaces?

<p>They pass through the Golgi and late endosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes the protein SP-A in the collectin family?

<p>A collagen domain fused to a lectin domain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are crucial for the proper biophysical function of the lung surfactant?

<p>SP-B and SP-C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of lacking surfactant protein SP-C?

<p>Individuals develop progressive interstitial pneumonitis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of lung development does surfactant production begin in humans?

<p>Alveolar sac stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by lung compliance?

<p>The change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to elastic recoil in the lungs?

<p>The presence of elastin fibers in connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary fibrosis affect lung compliance?

<p>It decreases lung compliance due to replacement of normal lung tissue with fibrous tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does alveolar surface tension play in the elastic behavior of the lungs?

<p>It contributes to the elastic recoil of the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lungs during expiration?

<p>The lungs recoil to return to their original position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the carbohydrate recognition domains of collectins play in the immune response?

<p>They promote phagocytosis by macrophages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many trimers assemble to form the mature SP-A protein?

<p>6 trimers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence for humans born without surfactant protein SP-C?

<p>Onset of progressive interstitial pneumonitis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cells does surfactant production begin during lung development?

<p>Type II cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are SP-B and SP-C classified as?

<p>Membrane proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to SP-B and SP-C after they are synthesized in type II cells?

<p>They are stored in lamellar bodies until secreted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural region of SP-A contributes to its classification as a collectin?

<p>Lectin domain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is primarily responsible for facilitating surfactant dynamics and spreading over the lung surface?

<p>SP-B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>Decrease surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for secreting surfactant?

<p>Type II alveolar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is essential for the alveoli to maintain proper gas exchange?

<p>Air-blood barrier that is 1 cell thick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does surfactant influence the effort required to breathe?

<p>It reduces surface tension, decreasing breathing effort. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would likely occur if the surfactant in the alveoli were absent?

<p>Increased collapse of alveoli due to high surface tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the proportion of inspired air that is exchanged during respiration?

<p>Approximately 85% of inspired air is retained in the respiratory tract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component helps to maintain the structural integrity of alveoli during exhalation?

<p>Elastic connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the presence of surfactant improve gas exchange efficiency in the alveoli?

<p>It lowers surface tension, allowing alveoli to expand more easily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>It decreases the surface tension in the alveoli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily contributes to the fluidity of pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pulmonary surfactant help prevent the collapse of alveoli?

<p>By lowering the alveolar surface tension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pulmonary surfactant consists of surfactant proteins?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of pulmonary surfactant aside from lowering surface tension?

<p>Stabilizing the alveoli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary lipid found in pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D play in the lungs?

<p>Play a role in immune defense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lamellar bodies primarily involved in during surfactant production?

<p>Storing and processing surfactant (A), Forming tubular myelin from surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tubular myelin primarily formed from?

<p>Lipid bilayers from lamellar bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does surfactant protein SP-A play in tubular myelin formation?

<p>Facilitates lipid insertion into membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are lamellar bodies secreted into the alveolar lining fluid?

<p>Via exocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to surfactant during repeated lung contractions?

<p>It yields unilamellar small aggregates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age do lamellar bodies first appear in the cytoplasm?

<p>20 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tubular myelin in the lungs?

<p>To act as a reservoir of surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cortisol administration to pregnant mothers at risk of preterm delivery?

<p>It enhances surfactant production in the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about surfactant recycling is true?

<p>10% of the surfactant is eliminated by macrophages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in babies delivered by cesarean section?

<p>Lower cortisol levels due to absence of birth stress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the composition of synthetic pulmonary surfactants compare to animal-derived surfactants?

<p>Synthetic surfactants often include spreading agents not found in animal-derived types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

<p>To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of a deficiency in surfactant in newborns?

<p>High risk of lung collapse and respiratory distress syndrome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the treatment options for newborns with respiratory distress syndrome?

<p>Both corticosteroids and surfactant treatments can be used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas is described as having no known cellular storage mechanism in humans?

<p>Nitric Oxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alveolar cell is responsible for secreting surfactant?

<p>Type II cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of inspired air remains in the respiratory tract during the next cycle of expiration and inspiration?

<p>85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium comprises the alveoli?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surfactant have on alveolar expansion and contraction?

<p>Enables more effective gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'air-blood' barrier in the alveoli is primarily composed of what?

<p>One cell thick lining plus a basement membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult for alveoli to re-open after being collapsed?

<p>Due to high surface tension caused by the fluids lining the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do elastic connective tissues play in the lungs?

<p>Aid in passive exhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lung compliance

The ability of the lungs to change volume in response to pressure changes.

Stiff lung

A condition where the lungs are stiff and less stretchable, making it harder to breathe.

Elastic recoil

The force that causes the lungs to return to their original size after being stretched.

Pulmonary elastic connective tissue

Connective tissue in the lungs that contains elastin fibers, giving the lungs their elasticity.

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Alveolar surface tension

The force created by the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli, contributing to lung elasticity.

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Pulmonary Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing and making breathing easier.

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Surface Tension

The force that draws liquid molecules together, causing a liquid to resist stretching or expanding.

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Pulmonary Compliance

A property of the lungs that describes their ability to stretch and expand.

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Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

The main phospholipid in pulmonary surfactant responsible for reducing surface tension.

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Surfactant Proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D)

Proteins that help regulate the production, function, and stability of pulmonary surfactant.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Alveolar Fluid

A thin layer of fluid that lines the alveoli, containing surfactant.

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Lung Recoil

The tendency of the lungs to recoil back to their original size after being stretched.

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What are pulmonary alveoli?

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. They are responsible for transferring oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air to be exhaled.

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What is 'simple' squamous epithelium?

The thin layer of cells that forms the walls of the alveoli, allowing for efficient gas exchange between the air and the blood.

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What is the 'air-blood' barrier?

The combined structure of the alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium, which acts as a barrier for gas exchange between the air and the blood in the alveoli.

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What are the two main types of alveolar cells?

Type I alveolar cells are thin, flat cells responsible for gas exchange, while Type II cells produce surfactant.

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What is surfactant?

A mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by Type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

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What is alveolar recoil?

The tendency of the alveoli to resist being stretched and to recoil back to their original size after being expanded. It's important for efficient breathing.

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What is surface tension in the alveoli?

The force that causes water molecules to stick together, which can lead to the alveoli collapsing if not counteracted by surfactant.

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How does surfactant affect surface tension in the alveoli?

Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli by interfering with the attractive forces between water molecules, preventing them from collapsing.

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Lamellar Bodies

Specialized organelles within type II alveolar cells responsible for storing and secreting surfactant.

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Tubular Myelin

A lung-specific structure formed from surfactant phospholipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A). It acts as a reservoir of surfactant and helps insert lipids into the air-liquid interface.

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Exocytosis of lamellar bodies

The process by which lamellar bodies release surfactant into the alveolar space.

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Surfactant Production

The process by which surfactant is synthesized, processed, and assembled within type II alveolar cells.

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Alveolar Surfactant Pool

The amount of surfactant stored within the alveoli of a newborn.

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Surfactant Deficiency

A condition characterized by insufficient surfactant production, leading to respiratory distress in newborns.

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Surfactant Degradation and Recycling

The process by which surfactant is broken down and recycled by type II alveolar cells.

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What are collectins?

Collectins are a family of proteins that play a vital role in innate immunity. They possess a collagen domain and a lectin domain, allowing them to recognize and bind to pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

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Describe the structure and function of SP-A.

SP-A is one of the collectins found in the lungs. It forms a flower-shaped structure with 18 subunits, allowing it to effectively bind multiple pathogens.

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What are the roles of SP-B and SP-C in surfactant function?

SP-B and SP-C are hydrophobic proteins that are crucial for the proper functioning of surfactant. They regulate the spread and mechanical properties of surfactant within the alveoli.

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Where is surfactant produced?

Type II cells, found in the alveoli of the lungs, are the primary producers of surfactant. These cells synthesize and package the lipid and protein components of surfactant into lamellar bodies for secretion.

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What are the consequences of missing SP-B or SP-C?

Humans born without SP-B experience severe respiratory problems, while those lacking SP-C develop a progressive lung inflammation. These conditions highlight the importance of these proteins for normal lung function.

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How is surfactant synthesized?

The synthesis of surfactant involves separate pathways for lipids and proteins. Both components are packaged and stored in lamellar bodies before being released into the alveoli.

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When does surfactant production begin?

Surfactant production begins during fetal development in type II cells, ensuring that the immature lungs are ready for their first breath.

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What is pulmonary surfactant?

A natural substance produced by type II pneumocytes in the lungs, it reduces surface tension and helps prevent alveolar collapse.

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What is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)?

It's a life-threatening respiratory disorder in newborn premature babies caused by a deficiency of surfactant.

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What is cortisol's role in surfactant production?

It's a stress hormone that enhances surfactant production in premature lungs.

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How is surfactant recycled?

The recycling of surfactant involves type II pneumocytes taking up 90% of surfactant back into the alveolar space, while macrophages handle the remaining 10%.

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What is the composition of pulmonary surfactant?

It's a mixture of phospholipids, mainly DPPC, combined with spreading agents like SP-B and SP-C.

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What is Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf)?

It's a synthetic pulmonary surfactant made of DPPC, along with spreading agents hexadecanol and tyloxapol.

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What is cortisol administration therapy for RDS?

This therapy approach involves administering cortisol to pregnant mothers at risk of preterm delivery.

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What is surfactant treatment for RDS?

This treatment approach involves giving surfactant directly to the premature baby.

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What is lung compliance?

It is the change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure. Essentially, it tells us how stretchy the lungs are.

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What is Elastic Recoil?

This force makes the lungs recoil back to their original size after being stretched. It's like a balloon returning to normal after you let go of it.

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What is Alveolar Surface Tension?

It is the thin layer of fluid found inside the alveoli that helps with the expansion and recoil of the lungs. It's responsible for the tension that the lungs experience.

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What is Pulmonary Elastic Connective Tissue?

This special connective tissue in the lungs, rich in elastin fibers, surrounds the alveoli and allows them to expand and recoil. Think of it as the elastic band that gives your lungs their stretchiness.

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Pulmonary Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and blood.

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Simple squamous epithelium

A thin layer of cells that forms the walls of the alveoli, allowing for efficient gas exchange.

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Air-blood barrier

The combination of the alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, and capillary endothelium, acting as a barrier for gas exchange.

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Type II Alveolar Cells

Cells that secrete surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

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Surfactant

A mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

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Alveolar Recoil

The tendency of the alveoli to resist being stretched and to recoil back to their original size after being expanded, essential for efficient breathing.

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Surface Tension in Alveoli

The force that causes water molecules to stick together, which can lead to the alveoli collapsing if not counteracted by surfactant.

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Surfactant and Surface Tension

Surfactant reduces surface tension by interfering with the attractive forces between water molecules, preventing the alveoli from collapsing.

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What is Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)?

The main phospholipid in pulmonary surfactant responsible for reducing surface tension. It helps keep the alveoli inflated.

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What are lamellar bodies?

Specialized organelles within type II alveolar cells responsible for storing and secreting surfactant. They act like tiny packages for surfactant.

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What is tubular myelin?

A lung-specific structure formed from surfactant phospholipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A). It acts as a reservoir of surfactant and helps insert lipids into the air-liquid interface.

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What is exocytosis of lamellar bodies?

The process by which lamellar bodies release surfactant into the alveolar space. This ensures the alveoli have enough surfactant.

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What is surfactant deficiency?

A condition characterized by insufficient surfactant production, leading to respiratory distress in newborns.

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Tubular myelin formation

The formation of tubular myelin from surfactant phospholipids and SP-A, highlighting the importance of this protein in surfactant function.

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Describe the structure of SP-A.

SP-A is a collectin protein, forming a 18-subunit structure with a collagen domain, carbohydrate recognition domain, and a cysteine-rich NH2-terminal domain.

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What are the roles of SP-B and SP-C?

SP-B and SP-C, hydrophobic membrane proteins, increase the rate at which surfactant spreads and regulate its mechanical properties within the alveoli.

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Where and when is surfactant produced?

The production of surfactant starts in type II cells during the alveolar sac stage of lung development. These cells synthesize and package lipids and proteins into lamellar bodies, which are later secreted into the alveoli.

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What happens if SP-B or SP-C are missing?

Humans born without SP-B experience severe respiratory problems, while those lacking SP-C develop progressive lung inflammation. This highlights the importance of these proteins for normal lung function.

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What is the role of type II cells in surfactant production?

Type II cells are specialized cells in the alveoli of the lungs that produce surfactant. They synthesize and package lipid and protein components into lamellar bodies for secretion into the alveoli.

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What is the composition of surfactant?

Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins, primarily dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D).

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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A life-threatening condition in premature babies caused by a deficiency of surfactant. Surfactant is crucial for keeping the lungs expanded -- without it, the alveoli collapse, leading to breathing difficulties.

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Surfactant Recycling

The recycling process of surfactant involves type II pneumocytes taking up 90% of the surfactant from the alveoli, while alveolar macrophages handle the remaining 10%. It's like a continuous cleaning and replenishing process for those tiny air sacs.

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Colfosceril Palmitate (Exosurf)

A synthetic pulmonary surfactant made of DPPC, hexadecanol, and tyloxapol (spreading agents). It's used as a medication to treat and prevent RDS in newborns, helping those tiny lungs breathe easier.

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Cortisol's Role in Surfactant Production

The stress hormone cortisol plays a vital role in boosting surfactant production in premature lungs, helping them mature faster and breathe more effectively. This is one reason why vaginal deliveries often lead to better lung development in babies.

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Cortisol Administration Therapy for RDS

Administration of cortisol to pregnant mothers at risk of preterm delivery is a therapy approach for RDS, helping to stimulate the production of surfactant in the developing lungs of the baby.

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Surfactant Treatment for RDS

Direct administration of surfactant to a premature baby using a respirator is a common treatment for RDS, helping to replace the missing surfactant and improve lung function.

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Surfactant Half-Life

The half-life of surfactant is 5 to 10 hours, meaning it's constantly breaking down and being replenished. It's like an ongoing 'cleanup and renewal cycle' for the lungs.

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