Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is primarily responsible for the irreversible airflow limitation seen in COPD?
What is primarily responsible for the irreversible airflow limitation seen in COPD?
Which nursing diagnosis indicates difficulty in maintaining a clear airway?
Which nursing diagnosis indicates difficulty in maintaining a clear airway?
What significant change occurs in the pulmonary capillaries due to inflammation in COPD?
What significant change occurs in the pulmonary capillaries due to inflammation in COPD?
What is the most common risk factor contributing to the development of COPD?
What is the most common risk factor contributing to the development of COPD?
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What results in impaired gas exchange in COPD patients?
What results in impaired gas exchange in COPD patients?
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What symptom is most commonly experienced by individuals with COPD?
What symptom is most commonly experienced by individuals with COPD?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical manifestation of lower respiratory disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a typical manifestation of lower respiratory disorders?
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What is the significance of COPD being the 4th leading cause of death in the US?
What is the significance of COPD being the 4th leading cause of death in the US?
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Which of the following accurately describes the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?
Which of the following accurately describes the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?
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What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from emphysema?
What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from emphysema?
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Which lab result is most likely to be observed in a patient with chronic bronchitis?
Which lab result is most likely to be observed in a patient with chronic bronchitis?
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How does smoking cessation primarily impact COPD management?
How does smoking cessation primarily impact COPD management?
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What complication might arise from mucus plugs in chronic bronchitis?
What complication might arise from mucus plugs in chronic bronchitis?
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What is the focus of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients?
What is the focus of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients?
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What is a common primary symptom of COPD that is often reported by patients?
What is a common primary symptom of COPD that is often reported by patients?
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Which is a common side effect associated with glucocorticoids in COPD treatment?
Which is a common side effect associated with glucocorticoids in COPD treatment?
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What identifies emphysema as a disease affecting the alveoli?
What identifies emphysema as a disease affecting the alveoli?
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In the context of COPD, which medication class is primarily utilized to relieve bronchospasms?
In the context of COPD, which medication class is primarily utilized to relieve bronchospasms?
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Which of the following is characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Which of the following is characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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The inflammation process in COPD leads to narrowing of the airways.
The inflammation process in COPD leads to narrowing of the airways.
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List one nursing diagnosis relevant to respiratory issues.
List one nursing diagnosis relevant to respiratory issues.
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COPD is primarily caused by _____, which leads to an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.
COPD is primarily caused by _____, which leads to an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.
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What is a common consequence of mucus obstruction in the respiratory tract?
What is a common consequence of mucus obstruction in the respiratory tract?
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Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:
Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:
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COPD is currently the leading cause of disability in the US.
COPD is currently the leading cause of disability in the US.
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What is one potential outcome of the abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs due to COPD?
What is one potential outcome of the abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs due to COPD?
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What condition does not fall under COPD?
What condition does not fall under COPD?
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Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus secretion in the airways.
Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus secretion in the airways.
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What is the primary nursing diagnosis for a client with chronic bronchitis?
What is the primary nursing diagnosis for a client with chronic bronchitis?
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Emphysema is primarily a disease of the ___________.
Emphysema is primarily a disease of the ___________.
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Match the symptom with its classification in COPD:
Match the symptom with its classification in COPD:
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Which of the following oxygen saturation readings requires immediate nursing intervention?
Which of the following oxygen saturation readings requires immediate nursing intervention?
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Smoking cessation is a crucial component in the management of COPD.
Smoking cessation is a crucial component in the management of COPD.
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Name a class of medication used as a primary treatment for COPD.
Name a class of medication used as a primary treatment for COPD.
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The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis includes thickening of the bronchial walls and narrowing of the ___________.
The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis includes thickening of the bronchial walls and narrowing of the ___________.
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Which medication is an example of a corticosteroid used in COPD management?
Which medication is an example of a corticosteroid used in COPD management?
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What is one key pathophysiological mechanism involved in asthma?
What is one key pathophysiological mechanism involved in asthma?
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Which of the following factors is considered intrinsic for asthma?
Which of the following factors is considered intrinsic for asthma?
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What is a common complication of unmanaged asthma?
What is a common complication of unmanaged asthma?
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What distinguishes chronic bronchitis from emphysema in terms of symptoms?
What distinguishes chronic bronchitis from emphysema in terms of symptoms?
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In COPD patients, what is a significant risk associated with oxygen therapy?
In COPD patients, what is a significant risk associated with oxygen therapy?
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Which medication class is used for immediate relief during an asthma attack?
Which medication class is used for immediate relief during an asthma attack?
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What common symptom might indicate an asthma episode is progressing to a more severe state?
What common symptom might indicate an asthma episode is progressing to a more severe state?
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Which diagnostic tool measures a patient's ability to forcibly exhale and is critical in asthma evaluation?
Which diagnostic tool measures a patient's ability to forcibly exhale and is critical in asthma evaluation?
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What is the most severe effect of pneumonia on the process of ventilation?
What is the most severe effect of pneumonia on the process of ventilation?
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Which component of respiration is primarily affected by pneumonia in relation to the movement of carbon dioxide?
Which component of respiration is primarily affected by pneumonia in relation to the movement of carbon dioxide?
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A patient presents with a decrease in PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2. This is indicative of which specific pneumonia-related effect?
A patient presents with a decrease in PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2. This is indicative of which specific pneumonia-related effect?
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What nursing intervention is most crucial for a patient with pneumonia in order to promote adequate respiratory function?
What nursing intervention is most crucial for a patient with pneumonia in order to promote adequate respiratory function?
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In a patient with right-sided pneumonia, what position should be avoided to reduce complications?
In a patient with right-sided pneumonia, what position should be avoided to reduce complications?
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Which of the following best describes the pathophysiological action of pneumonia on the alveoli?
Which of the following best describes the pathophysiological action of pneumonia on the alveoli?
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What is the most significant nursing diagnosis for pneumonia related to the effectiveness of the respiratory system?
What is the most significant nursing diagnosis for pneumonia related to the effectiveness of the respiratory system?
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Which of the following findings would most likely indicate bacterial pneumonia based on WBC count?
Which of the following findings would most likely indicate bacterial pneumonia based on WBC count?
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Which pneumonia risk factor is particularly relevant to elderly populations and may lead to deterioration of respiratory status?
Which pneumonia risk factor is particularly relevant to elderly populations and may lead to deterioration of respiratory status?
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Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of foreign materials, and what is its primary characteristic?
Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of foreign materials, and what is its primary characteristic?
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What nursing intervention is most effective for enhancing airway clearance in patients with upper respiratory disorders?
What nursing intervention is most effective for enhancing airway clearance in patients with upper respiratory disorders?
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Which class of medications primarily targets histamine to relieve symptoms of allergies and upper respiratory disorders?
Which class of medications primarily targets histamine to relieve symptoms of allergies and upper respiratory disorders?
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What is a key precaution for nurses when administering intranasal steroids to patients?
What is a key precaution for nurses when administering intranasal steroids to patients?
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What potential interaction must be assessed prior to administering a bronchodilator in patients with respiratory disorders?
What potential interaction must be assessed prior to administering a bronchodilator in patients with respiratory disorders?
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In patients receiving mucolytic therapy, which assessment should be prioritized by the nurse?
In patients receiving mucolytic therapy, which assessment should be prioritized by the nurse?
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Which of the following describes a contraindication for the use of certain antihistamines?
Which of the following describes a contraindication for the use of certain antihistamines?
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What is the primary cause of lung cancer associated with the highest percentage of cases?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer associated with the highest percentage of cases?
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Which of the following symptoms is the earliest objective sign of lung cancer?
Which of the following symptoms is the earliest objective sign of lung cancer?
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At what stage is the majority of lung cancer diagnosed due to metastasis?
At what stage is the majority of lung cancer diagnosed due to metastasis?
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Which diagnostic test is most directly used to obtain tissue samples for lung cancer diagnosis?
Which diagnostic test is most directly used to obtain tissue samples for lung cancer diagnosis?
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What is the most common initial treatment approach for lung cancer?
What is the most common initial treatment approach for lung cancer?
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Which of the following nursing diagnoses is a priority for a patient with lung cancer?
Which of the following nursing diagnoses is a priority for a patient with lung cancer?
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What is a commonly accepted intervention to promote effective breathing patterns in lung cancer patients?
What is a commonly accepted intervention to promote effective breathing patterns in lung cancer patients?
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Which method is recommended for managing cancer pain effectively in lung cancer patients?
Which method is recommended for managing cancer pain effectively in lung cancer patients?
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What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
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Lung cancer typically presents with noticeable symptoms at early stages.
Lung cancer typically presents with noticeable symptoms at early stages.
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What is one common early symptom of lung cancer?
What is one common early symptom of lung cancer?
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The process by which a carcinogen binds to DNA and causes abnormal growth is known as __________.
The process by which a carcinogen binds to DNA and causes abnormal growth is known as __________.
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During lung cancer diagnosis, which of the following tests is NOT commonly used?
During lung cancer diagnosis, which of the following tests is NOT commonly used?
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Match the symptoms with their corresponding classification in lung cancer:
Match the symptoms with their corresponding classification in lung cancer:
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The main aim of chemotherapy in lung cancer is to __________ tumors.
The main aim of chemotherapy in lung cancer is to __________ tumors.
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What is the typical outcome by the time lung cancer is diagnosed?
What is the typical outcome by the time lung cancer is diagnosed?
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Which medication class is commonly used as an antiallergenic agent?
Which medication class is commonly used as an antiallergenic agent?
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Bronchodilators are used to constrict the airways and reduce airflow.
Bronchodilators are used to constrict the airways and reduce airflow.
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Name one important pre-administration assessment a nurse should perform on a patient taking antihistamines.
Name one important pre-administration assessment a nurse should perform on a patient taking antihistamines.
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An intranasal __________ is often recommended for reducing inflammation in allergies.
An intranasal __________ is often recommended for reducing inflammation in allergies.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a common adverse reaction of bronchodilators?
Which of the following is NOT considered a common adverse reaction of bronchodilators?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses
- Ineffective breathing patterns involve alterations in the rate, depth, timing, or rhythm of breathing.
- Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to remove secretions or obstructions, leading to an unclear airway.
- Impaired gas exchange indicates an excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolocapillary membrane.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview
- COPD is marked by irreversible airflow limitation, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and abnormal lung inflammation due to noxious particles or gases.
- Fourth leading cause of death in the US, and twelfth leading cause of disability.
- Increasing mortality from COPD, contrasting with decreasing heart disease deaths.
Pathophysiology of COPD
- Inhalation of noxious particles triggers inflammation, leading to airway narrowing.
- Chronic inflammation causes thickening of pulmonary capillary walls.
- Key risk factors include smoking (80-90%), occupational exposure, and air pollution. Smoking reduces phagocyte function and cilia activity, while increasing mucus production.
COPD Subtypes
-
Chronic Bronchitis: Defined by a cough and sputum production for over three months for two consecutive years.
- Pathophysiology includes airway inflammation and mucus production, causing airway blockage.
- Primary nursing diagnosis: ineffective airway clearance.
-
Emphysema: Characterized by alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil, leading to over-distended alveoli.
- Impaired passive expiration due to damaged pulmonary capillary beds can lead to right-sided heart failure.
- Primary nursing diagnosis: impaired gas exchange.
Clinical Features of COPD
- Primary symptoms: cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion.
- Secondary symptoms: weight loss, respiratory infections, and barrel chest appearance.
Nursing Assessments and Diagnoses
- Focus on risk factors, symptom progression, and comorbidities.
- Conduct a focused respiratory assessment using the ABCCS approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Consciousness, and Safety.
- Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases (ABGs), CT scans, and chest X-rays.
Medical Management of COPD
- Emphasis on risk reduction strategies, especially smoking cessation.
- Oxygen therapy typically at 2 L/min, pulmonary rehabilitation, breathing exercises, and pulmonary hygiene are important components.
- Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol) are the primary medication for relieving bronchospasms, enhancing lumen size, and improving ventilation.
- Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatories but require careful monitoring for side effects like sodium retention and immunosuppression.
Nursing Management for COPD
- Assess vital signs and lung sounds, and encourage fluid intake.
- Avoid cold medications due to potential exacerbation of symptoms.
- For patients with COPD and low oxygen saturation, consider options like monitoring, increasing oxygen levels, or notifying the physician based on the patient’s condition.
Treatment Options for COPD
- Primary therapy: bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
- Secondary therapy may include antibiotics, mucolytic agents, and anti-tussive agents.
Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses
- Ineffective breathing patterns involve alterations in the rate, depth, timing, or rhythm of breathing.
- Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to remove secretions or obstructions, leading to an unclear airway.
- Impaired gas exchange indicates an excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolocapillary membrane.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview
- COPD is marked by irreversible airflow limitation, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and abnormal lung inflammation due to noxious particles or gases.
- Fourth leading cause of death in the US, and twelfth leading cause of disability.
- Increasing mortality from COPD, contrasting with decreasing heart disease deaths.
Pathophysiology of COPD
- Inhalation of noxious particles triggers inflammation, leading to airway narrowing.
- Chronic inflammation causes thickening of pulmonary capillary walls.
- Key risk factors include smoking (80-90%), occupational exposure, and air pollution. Smoking reduces phagocyte function and cilia activity, while increasing mucus production.
COPD Subtypes
-
Chronic Bronchitis: Defined by a cough and sputum production for over three months for two consecutive years.
- Pathophysiology includes airway inflammation and mucus production, causing airway blockage.
- Primary nursing diagnosis: ineffective airway clearance.
-
Emphysema: Characterized by alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil, leading to over-distended alveoli.
- Impaired passive expiration due to damaged pulmonary capillary beds can lead to right-sided heart failure.
- Primary nursing diagnosis: impaired gas exchange.
Clinical Features of COPD
- Primary symptoms: cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion.
- Secondary symptoms: weight loss, respiratory infections, and barrel chest appearance.
Nursing Assessments and Diagnoses
- Focus on risk factors, symptom progression, and comorbidities.
- Conduct a focused respiratory assessment using the ABCCS approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Consciousness, and Safety.
- Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases (ABGs), CT scans, and chest X-rays.
Medical Management of COPD
- Emphasis on risk reduction strategies, especially smoking cessation.
- Oxygen therapy typically at 2 L/min, pulmonary rehabilitation, breathing exercises, and pulmonary hygiene are important components.
- Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol) are the primary medication for relieving bronchospasms, enhancing lumen size, and improving ventilation.
- Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatories but require careful monitoring for side effects like sodium retention and immunosuppression.
Nursing Management for COPD
- Assess vital signs and lung sounds, and encourage fluid intake.
- Avoid cold medications due to potential exacerbation of symptoms.
- For patients with COPD and low oxygen saturation, consider options like monitoring, increasing oxygen levels, or notifying the physician based on the patient’s condition.
Treatment Options for COPD
- Primary therapy: bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
- Secondary therapy may include antibiotics, mucolytic agents, and anti-tussive agents.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- Common diseases associated with COPD include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Pathophysiology involves irreversible airflow obstruction, inflammation, and destruction of lung tissue.
- Smoking leads to airway inflammation, increased mucus production, and alveolar damage.
- Chronic bronchitis features productive cough and airway blockage; emphysema involves alveolar destruction and reduced elasticity.
- Main signs and symptoms of COPD include chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea.
- Medications for COPD treatment primarily include bronchodilators (relax airways) and corticosteroids (reduce inflammation).
- Supplemental oxygen must be used cautiously; excessive oxygen may lead to respiratory depression in COPD patients.
Asthma
- Pathophysiology includes chronic inflammation, hypersensitivity of the bronchial smooth muscle, bronchospasm, and narrowed airways.
- Etiology is both inherited and influenced by triggers, which can be extrinsic (allergens like pollen and animal dander) and intrinsic (exercise, stress).
- Asthma can be prevented by avoiding known allergens and managing stress and emotional upset.
- Classic symptoms: wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, and coughing, often presenting as intermittent attacks.
- Signs include increased respiratory rate, wheezing during inspiration and expiration, and production of thick, clear sputum.
- Complication includes Status Asthmaticus, characterized by prolonged symptoms and respiratory acidosis.
- Diagnostic tests include the Peak Flowmeter, which measures peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR).
- Treatment typically involves short-acting adrenergic bronchodilators (like albuterol) and corticosteroids.
Juan's Case Study
- Juan, a 16-year-old, presents with an asthma attack but shows no wheezes upon examination.
- Potential considerations include severe bronchospasm or an impending respiratory failure.
- Immediate actions should focus on monitoring vital signs, providing appropriate interventions, and assessing for further respiratory distress.
- Collaboration with respiratory therapists and other healthcare providers may be vital for comprehensive care.
Comparison of Asthma and COPD
- Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, while COPD involves irreversible airflow limitation.
- Intrinsic factors (like exercise and stress) trigger asthma, while extrinsic factors relate to environmental allergens.
- Classic signs of asthma include wheezing, while COPD often presents with a chronic cough and sputum.
Pneumonia
- Defined as an inflammatory process causing consolidation in alveolar spaces, impairing gas exchange.
- Primary nursing diagnoses may include ineffective breathing patterns, airway clearance, and impaired gas exchange.
- Pneumonia affects ventilation and perfusion, leading to decreased oxygen saturation.
- Causative agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and aspiration.
- Risk factors involve immunosuppression, smoking, and immobility.
- Typical signs include acute onset fever, shaking chills, chest pain, and productive cough with purulent sputum.
- Atypical signs (viral pneumonia) include gradual onset, mild fever, and flu-like symptoms.
Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis is confirmed via CBC, sputum culture and sensitivity, ABG analysis, pulse oximetry, and chest X-ray.
- High WBC counts (e.g., Carlos's 14,297 mm³) suggest bacterial infection, while low counts (e.g., Micah's 4,000 mm³) may indicate a viral infection.
- Medications include antibiotics (to fight bacterial infection), bronchodilators (to relieve bronchospasms), and expectorants (to aid mucus clearance).
Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia
- Emphasize hydration (2500-3000 mL/day), use of a humidifier, chest physiotherapy, and incentive spirometry.
- Position patients with right-sided pneumonia in side-lying position on the right side to enhance lung expansion.
- Education should cover prevention strategies such as vaccination, treatment of URI, and avoiding irritants.
Lung Cancer Pathophysiology
- Carcinogens bind to DNA, leading to genetic changes and abnormal growth.
- Primarily develops along the bronchial wall.
- Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the US.
Lung Cancer Etiology
- Tobacco smoke is the primary cause, responsible for 85% of cases.
- Other contributing factors include secondhand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, and coal dust.
Early Signs and Symptoms (S&S) of Lung Cancer
- Symptoms appear insidiously and are often unnoticed until advanced stages.
- By diagnosis, 70% of lung cancer cases have metastasized.
- Key early objective symptoms include:
- Persistent cough (most common)
- Respiratory infections (RespTI)
- Wheezing
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Late Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- Chest pain
- Weight loss
- Anorexia
Lung Cancer Diagnostic Tests
- Imaging techniques: X-ray, CT scan, MRI.
- Biopsy via bronchoscopy for definitive diagnosis.
Lung Cancer Treatment Options
- Surgery for removal of tumor.
- Chemotherapy targeted at metastatic disease.
- Radiation therapy to shrink tumors.
Signs and Symptoms of Complications
- Edema (swelling due to fluid retention)
- Difficulty breathing
- Complaints of pain (C/O pain)
Priority Nursing Diagnoses
- Ineffective breathing patterns
- Ineffective airway clearance
- Ineffective gas exchange
Nursing Interventions
- Conduct assessments every 4 hours.
- Maintain head of bed (HOB) elevated for comfort.
- Implement pulmonary hygiene practices: Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe (TCDB), Incentive Spirometry (IS).
- Administer oxygen as prescribed.
- Provide suctioning as needed.
- Offer emotional support to patients and families.
Pain Management Strategies
- Utilize a continuous medication schedule with opiates and NSAIDs for cancer pain relief.
- Address pain adequately to prevent “breakthrough” pain.
- Patient-controlled analgesia pumps can be effective.
- Long-acting opioids should be administered around the clock.
New Tech Diagnostic Questions
- Identify the foremost carcinogen contributing to lung cancer.
- List the early signs and symptoms of lung cancer.
- Outline diagnostic methods used for lung cancer identification.
- Summarize treatment approaches for lung cancer.
- Determine a priority nursing diagnosis for a lung cancer patient.
- Provide three nursing interventions related to the identified nursing diagnosis.
Key Terms Definitions
- Contraindications: Reasons to withhold a certain treatment or drug.
- Anaphylactic: Severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
- Antiallergenic: Substance that prevents or counteracts allergic reactions.
- Histamine: Compound involved in allergic responses.
- Allergen: Substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
- Bronchodilator: Medication that relaxes and opens airways.
- Expectorant: Drug that helps clear mucus from the airways.
- Antitussive: Medication that suppresses coughing.
- Mucolytic: Agent that breaks down mucus to facilitate easier breathing.
- Inhalant: Substance inhaled for therapeutic purposes.
- Nebulization: Method of delivering medication as a mist for inhalation.
- Urticaria: Hives or rash indicative of an allergic reaction.
Classes of Medications for Upper Respiratory Issues
- Understand the uses and actions of medications like intranasal steroids, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, antihistamines, and decongestants.
Pre-Administration and Ongoing Assessment
- Conduct thorough assessments prior to administering upper respiratory medications.
- Monitor for adverse reactions, contraindications, and interactions with other medications.
Bronchodilators and Antiasthma Drugs
- Review the uses and actions of these drug classes.
- Emphasize essential assessments both before and during treatment.
Lung Cancer Pathophysiology
- Carcinogens bind to DNA, leading to genetic changes and abnormal growth.
- Primarily develops along the bronchial wall.
- Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the US.
Lung Cancer Etiology
- Tobacco smoke is the primary cause, responsible for 85% of cases.
- Other contributing factors include secondhand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, and coal dust.
Early Signs and Symptoms (S&S) of Lung Cancer
- Symptoms appear insidiously and are often unnoticed until advanced stages.
- By diagnosis, 70% of lung cancer cases have metastasized.
- Key early objective symptoms include:
- Persistent cough (most common)
- Respiratory infections (RespTI)
- Wheezing
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Late Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- Chest pain
- Weight loss
- Anorexia
Lung Cancer Diagnostic Tests
- Imaging techniques: X-ray, CT scan, MRI.
- Biopsy via bronchoscopy for definitive diagnosis.
Lung Cancer Treatment Options
- Surgery for removal of tumor.
- Chemotherapy targeted at metastatic disease.
- Radiation therapy to shrink tumors.
Signs and Symptoms of Complications
- Edema (swelling due to fluid retention)
- Difficulty breathing
- Complaints of pain (C/O pain)
Priority Nursing Diagnoses
- Ineffective breathing patterns
- Ineffective airway clearance
- Ineffective gas exchange
Nursing Interventions
- Conduct assessments every 4 hours.
- Maintain head of bed (HOB) elevated for comfort.
- Implement pulmonary hygiene practices: Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe (TCDB), Incentive Spirometry (IS).
- Administer oxygen as prescribed.
- Provide suctioning as needed.
- Offer emotional support to patients and families.
Pain Management Strategies
- Utilize a continuous medication schedule with opiates and NSAIDs for cancer pain relief.
- Address pain adequately to prevent “breakthrough” pain.
- Patient-controlled analgesia pumps can be effective.
- Long-acting opioids should be administered around the clock.
New Tech Diagnostic Questions
- Identify the foremost carcinogen contributing to lung cancer.
- List the early signs and symptoms of lung cancer.
- Outline diagnostic methods used for lung cancer identification.
- Summarize treatment approaches for lung cancer.
- Determine a priority nursing diagnosis for a lung cancer patient.
- Provide three nursing interventions related to the identified nursing diagnosis.
Key Terms Definitions
- Contraindications: Reasons to withhold a certain treatment or drug.
- Anaphylactic: Severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
- Antiallergenic: Substance that prevents or counteracts allergic reactions.
- Histamine: Compound involved in allergic responses.
- Allergen: Substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
- Bronchodilator: Medication that relaxes and opens airways.
- Expectorant: Drug that helps clear mucus from the airways.
- Antitussive: Medication that suppresses coughing.
- Mucolytic: Agent that breaks down mucus to facilitate easier breathing.
- Inhalant: Substance inhaled for therapeutic purposes.
- Nebulization: Method of delivering medication as a mist for inhalation.
- Urticaria: Hives or rash indicative of an allergic reaction.
Classes of Medications for Upper Respiratory Issues
- Understand the uses and actions of medications like intranasal steroids, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, antihistamines, and decongestants.
Pre-Administration and Ongoing Assessment
- Conduct thorough assessments prior to administering upper respiratory medications.
- Monitor for adverse reactions, contraindications, and interactions with other medications.
Bronchodilators and Antiasthma Drugs
- Review the uses and actions of these drug classes.
- Emphasize essential assessments both before and during treatment.
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Description
This quiz focuses on three key respiratory nursing diagnoses: Ineffective Breathing Patterns, Ineffective Airway Clearance, and Impaired Gas Exchange. Understand the implications and definitions of each diagnosis to enhance your nursing practice. Perfect for nursing students and professionals alike.