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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for the irreversible airflow limitation seen in COPD?

  • Acute infections
  • Aging process
  • Noxious particles and gases (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition

    • Which nursing diagnosis indicates difficulty in maintaining a clear airway?

  • Impaired gas exchange
  • Ineffective breathing patterns
  • Ineffective airway clearance (correct)
  • Ineffective oxygenation

    • What significant change occurs in the pulmonary capillaries due to inflammation in COPD?

  • Thickening of the capillary walls (correct)
  • Decreased capillary permeability
  • Dilation of capillaries
  • Formation of additional capillary beds

    • What is the most common risk factor contributing to the development of COPD?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in impaired gas exchange in COPD patients?

    <p>Narrowing of airways and thickened alveolar membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most commonly experienced by individuals with COPD?

    <p>Dyspnea on exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical manifestation of lower respiratory disorders?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of COPD being the 4th leading cause of death in the US?

    <p>It indicates the need for increased research funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Inflammation and thickening of bronchial walls leading to narrowed lumens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from emphysema?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab result is most likely to be observed in a patient with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Hct 62%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking cessation primarily impact COPD management?

    <p>It reduces further risk of lung inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication might arise from mucus plugs in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Bacterial growth leading to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients?

    <p>Support in lifestyle changes and physical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common primary symptom of COPD that is often reported by patients?

    <p>Dyspnea on exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common side effect associated with glucocorticoids in COPD treatment?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance and fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What identifies emphysema as a disease affecting the alveoli?

    <p>Loss of elastic recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of COPD, which medication class is primarily utilized to relieve bronchospasms?

    <p>Bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

    <p>Progressive dyspnea on exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammation process in COPD leads to narrowing of the airways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one nursing diagnosis relevant to respiratory issues.

    <p>Ineffective breathing patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COPD is primarily caused by _____, which leads to an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.

    <p>smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of mucus obstruction in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Ineffective airway clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Dyspnea on exertion = COPD Thickened pulmonary capillary walls = COPD Inability to clear secretions = Ineffective airway clearance Impaired ability to oxygenate blood = Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COPD is currently the leading cause of disability in the US.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of the abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs due to COPD?

    <p>Narrowing of the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does not fall under COPD?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus secretion in the airways.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing diagnosis for a client with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Ineffective airway clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema is primarily a disease of the ___________.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptom with its classification in COPD:

    <p>Cough = Primary S&amp;S Dyspnea on exertion = Primary S&amp;S Weight loss = Secondary S&amp;S Barrel chest = Secondary S&amp;S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oxygen saturation readings requires immediate nursing intervention?

    <p>89%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smoking cessation is a crucial component in the management of COPD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a class of medication used as a primary treatment for COPD.

    <p>Bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis includes thickening of the bronchial walls and narrowing of the ___________.

    <p>lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is an example of a corticosteroid used in COPD management?

    <p>Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key pathophysiological mechanism involved in asthma?

    <p>Bronchial smooth muscle hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered intrinsic for asthma?

    <p>Emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of unmanaged asthma?

    <p>Status Asthmaticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chronic bronchitis from emphysema in terms of symptoms?

    <p>Chronic productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In COPD patients, what is a significant risk associated with oxygen therapy?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is used for immediate relief during an asthma attack?

    <p>Adrenergic bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom might indicate an asthma episode is progressing to a more severe state?

    <p>Increased respiratory effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic tool measures a patient's ability to forcibly exhale and is critical in asthma evaluation?

    <p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe effect of pneumonia on the process of ventilation?

    <p>Reduced oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of respiration is primarily affected by pneumonia in relation to the movement of carbon dioxide?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with a decrease in PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2. This is indicative of which specific pneumonia-related effect?

    <p>Decreased gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is most crucial for a patient with pneumonia in order to promote adequate respiratory function?

    <p>Ensuring increased fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with right-sided pneumonia, what position should be avoided to reduce complications?

    <p>Side lying – right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pathophysiological action of pneumonia on the alveoli?

    <p>Inflammation leading to fluid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant nursing diagnosis for pneumonia related to the effectiveness of the respiratory system?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings would most likely indicate bacterial pneumonia based on WBC count?

    <p>WBC of 14,297 mm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pneumonia risk factor is particularly relevant to elderly populations and may lead to deterioration of respiratory status?

    <p>Weak cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is caused by the aspiration of foreign materials, and what is its primary characteristic?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia; caused by the inhalation of food or liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is most effective for enhancing airway clearance in patients with upper respiratory disorders?

    <p>Encouraging deep breathing exercises and hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications primarily targets histamine to relieve symptoms of allergies and upper respiratory disorders?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key precaution for nurses when administering intranasal steroids to patients?

    <p>Advise patients of potential systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential interaction must be assessed prior to administering a bronchodilator in patients with respiratory disorders?

    <p>Interaction with herbal supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients receiving mucolytic therapy, which assessment should be prioritized by the nurse?

    <p>Monitoring the patient's hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a contraindication for the use of certain antihistamines?

    <p>Glaucoma or urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lung cancer associated with the highest percentage of cases?

    <p>Tobacco smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is the earliest objective sign of lung cancer?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage is the majority of lung cancer diagnosed due to metastasis?

    <p>At late stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is most directly used to obtain tissue samples for lung cancer diagnosis?

    <p>Biopsy via bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common initial treatment approach for lung cancer?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nursing diagnoses is a priority for a patient with lung cancer?

    <p>Ineffective airway clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a commonly accepted intervention to promote effective breathing patterns in lung cancer patients?

    <p>Employ pulmonary hygiene strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for managing cancer pain effectively in lung cancer patients?

    <p>Long-acting opioids administered continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lung cancer?

    <p>Tobacco Smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lung cancer typically presents with noticeable symptoms at early stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common early symptom of lung cancer?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a carcinogen binds to DNA and causes abnormal growth is known as __________.

    <p>mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lung cancer diagnosis, which of the following tests is NOT commonly used?

    <p>Blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with their corresponding classification in lung cancer:

    <p>Cough = Early Symptom Hemoptysis = Late Symptom Wheezing = Early Symptom Weight Loss = Late Symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main aim of chemotherapy in lung cancer is to __________ tumors.

    <p>shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome by the time lung cancer is diagnosed?

    <p>70% have metastasized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is commonly used as an antiallergenic agent?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchodilators are used to constrict the airways and reduce airflow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one important pre-administration assessment a nurse should perform on a patient taking antihistamines.

    <p>Assess for any known allergies to the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An intranasal __________ is often recommended for reducing inflammation in allergies.

    <p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antitussive = A medication that suppresses coughing Expectorant = A medication that helps clear mucus from the airways Mucolytic = A medication that thins mucus Nebulization = A method of delivering medication in vapor form directly into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common adverse reaction of bronchodilators?

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses

    • Ineffective breathing patterns involve alterations in the rate, depth, timing, or rhythm of breathing.
    • Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to remove secretions or obstructions, leading to an unclear airway.
    • Impaired gas exchange indicates an excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolocapillary membrane.

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview

    • COPD is marked by irreversible airflow limitation, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and abnormal lung inflammation due to noxious particles or gases.
    • Fourth leading cause of death in the US, and twelfth leading cause of disability.
    • Increasing mortality from COPD, contrasting with decreasing heart disease deaths.

    Pathophysiology of COPD

    • Inhalation of noxious particles triggers inflammation, leading to airway narrowing.
    • Chronic inflammation causes thickening of pulmonary capillary walls.
    • Key risk factors include smoking (80-90%), occupational exposure, and air pollution. Smoking reduces phagocyte function and cilia activity, while increasing mucus production.

    COPD Subtypes

    • Chronic Bronchitis: Defined by a cough and sputum production for over three months for two consecutive years.

      • Pathophysiology includes airway inflammation and mucus production, causing airway blockage.
      • Primary nursing diagnosis: ineffective airway clearance.

    • Emphysema: Characterized by alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil, leading to over-distended alveoli.

      • Impaired passive expiration due to damaged pulmonary capillary beds can lead to right-sided heart failure.
      • Primary nursing diagnosis: impaired gas exchange.

    Clinical Features of COPD

    • Primary symptoms: cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion.
    • Secondary symptoms: weight loss, respiratory infections, and barrel chest appearance.

    Nursing Assessments and Diagnoses

    • Focus on risk factors, symptom progression, and comorbidities.
    • Conduct a focused respiratory assessment using the ABCCS approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Consciousness, and Safety.
    • Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases (ABGs), CT scans, and chest X-rays.

    Medical Management of COPD

    • Emphasis on risk reduction strategies, especially smoking cessation.
    • Oxygen therapy typically at 2 L/min, pulmonary rehabilitation, breathing exercises, and pulmonary hygiene are important components.
    • Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol) are the primary medication for relieving bronchospasms, enhancing lumen size, and improving ventilation.
    • Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatories but require careful monitoring for side effects like sodium retention and immunosuppression.

    Nursing Management for COPD

    • Assess vital signs and lung sounds, and encourage fluid intake.
    • Avoid cold medications due to potential exacerbation of symptoms.
    • For patients with COPD and low oxygen saturation, consider options like monitoring, increasing oxygen levels, or notifying the physician based on the patient’s condition.

    Treatment Options for COPD

    • Primary therapy: bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
    • Secondary therapy may include antibiotics, mucolytic agents, and anti-tussive agents.

    Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses

    • Ineffective breathing patterns involve alterations in the rate, depth, timing, or rhythm of breathing.
    • Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to remove secretions or obstructions, leading to an unclear airway.
    • Impaired gas exchange indicates an excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolocapillary membrane.

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview

    • COPD is marked by irreversible airflow limitation, progressive dyspnea on exertion, and abnormal lung inflammation due to noxious particles or gases.
    • Fourth leading cause of death in the US, and twelfth leading cause of disability.
    • Increasing mortality from COPD, contrasting with decreasing heart disease deaths.

    Pathophysiology of COPD

    • Inhalation of noxious particles triggers inflammation, leading to airway narrowing.
    • Chronic inflammation causes thickening of pulmonary capillary walls.
    • Key risk factors include smoking (80-90%), occupational exposure, and air pollution. Smoking reduces phagocyte function and cilia activity, while increasing mucus production.

    COPD Subtypes

    • Chronic Bronchitis: Defined by a cough and sputum production for over three months for two consecutive years.

      • Pathophysiology includes airway inflammation and mucus production, causing airway blockage.
      • Primary nursing diagnosis: ineffective airway clearance.

    • Emphysema: Characterized by alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil, leading to over-distended alveoli.

      • Impaired passive expiration due to damaged pulmonary capillary beds can lead to right-sided heart failure.
      • Primary nursing diagnosis: impaired gas exchange.

    Clinical Features of COPD

    • Primary symptoms: cough, sputum production, dyspnea on exertion.
    • Secondary symptoms: weight loss, respiratory infections, and barrel chest appearance.

    Nursing Assessments and Diagnoses

    • Focus on risk factors, symptom progression, and comorbidities.
    • Conduct a focused respiratory assessment using the ABCCS approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Consciousness, and Safety.
    • Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases (ABGs), CT scans, and chest X-rays.

    Medical Management of COPD

    • Emphasis on risk reduction strategies, especially smoking cessation.
    • Oxygen therapy typically at 2 L/min, pulmonary rehabilitation, breathing exercises, and pulmonary hygiene are important components.
    • Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol) are the primary medication for relieving bronchospasms, enhancing lumen size, and improving ventilation.
    • Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatories but require careful monitoring for side effects like sodium retention and immunosuppression.

    Nursing Management for COPD

    • Assess vital signs and lung sounds, and encourage fluid intake.
    • Avoid cold medications due to potential exacerbation of symptoms.
    • For patients with COPD and low oxygen saturation, consider options like monitoring, increasing oxygen levels, or notifying the physician based on the patient’s condition.

    Treatment Options for COPD

    • Primary therapy: bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
    • Secondary therapy may include antibiotics, mucolytic agents, and anti-tussive agents.

    COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

    • Common diseases associated with COPD include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
    • Pathophysiology involves irreversible airflow obstruction, inflammation, and destruction of lung tissue.
    • Smoking leads to airway inflammation, increased mucus production, and alveolar damage.
    • Chronic bronchitis features productive cough and airway blockage; emphysema involves alveolar destruction and reduced elasticity.
    • Main signs and symptoms of COPD include chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea.
    • Medications for COPD treatment primarily include bronchodilators (relax airways) and corticosteroids (reduce inflammation).
    • Supplemental oxygen must be used cautiously; excessive oxygen may lead to respiratory depression in COPD patients.

    Asthma

    • Pathophysiology includes chronic inflammation, hypersensitivity of the bronchial smooth muscle, bronchospasm, and narrowed airways.
    • Etiology is both inherited and influenced by triggers, which can be extrinsic (allergens like pollen and animal dander) and intrinsic (exercise, stress).
    • Asthma can be prevented by avoiding known allergens and managing stress and emotional upset.
    • Classic symptoms: wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, and coughing, often presenting as intermittent attacks.
    • Signs include increased respiratory rate, wheezing during inspiration and expiration, and production of thick, clear sputum.
    • Complication includes Status Asthmaticus, characterized by prolonged symptoms and respiratory acidosis.
    • Diagnostic tests include the Peak Flowmeter, which measures peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR).
    • Treatment typically involves short-acting adrenergic bronchodilators (like albuterol) and corticosteroids.

    Juan's Case Study

    • Juan, a 16-year-old, presents with an asthma attack but shows no wheezes upon examination.
    • Potential considerations include severe bronchospasm or an impending respiratory failure.
    • Immediate actions should focus on monitoring vital signs, providing appropriate interventions, and assessing for further respiratory distress.
    • Collaboration with respiratory therapists and other healthcare providers may be vital for comprehensive care.

    Comparison of Asthma and COPD

    • Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, while COPD involves irreversible airflow limitation.
    • Intrinsic factors (like exercise and stress) trigger asthma, while extrinsic factors relate to environmental allergens.
    • Classic signs of asthma include wheezing, while COPD often presents with a chronic cough and sputum.

    Pneumonia

    • Defined as an inflammatory process causing consolidation in alveolar spaces, impairing gas exchange.
    • Primary nursing diagnoses may include ineffective breathing patterns, airway clearance, and impaired gas exchange.
    • Pneumonia affects ventilation and perfusion, leading to decreased oxygen saturation.
    • Causative agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and aspiration.
    • Risk factors involve immunosuppression, smoking, and immobility.
    • Typical signs include acute onset fever, shaking chills, chest pain, and productive cough with purulent sputum.
    • Atypical signs (viral pneumonia) include gradual onset, mild fever, and flu-like symptoms.

    Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis is confirmed via CBC, sputum culture and sensitivity, ABG analysis, pulse oximetry, and chest X-ray.
    • High WBC counts (e.g., Carlos's 14,297 mm³) suggest bacterial infection, while low counts (e.g., Micah's 4,000 mm³) may indicate a viral infection.
    • Medications include antibiotics (to fight bacterial infection), bronchodilators (to relieve bronchospasms), and expectorants (to aid mucus clearance).

    Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia

    • Emphasize hydration (2500-3000 mL/day), use of a humidifier, chest physiotherapy, and incentive spirometry.
    • Position patients with right-sided pneumonia in side-lying position on the right side to enhance lung expansion.
    • Education should cover prevention strategies such as vaccination, treatment of URI, and avoiding irritants.

    Lung Cancer Pathophysiology

    • Carcinogens bind to DNA, leading to genetic changes and abnormal growth.
    • Primarily develops along the bronchial wall.
    • Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the US.

    Lung Cancer Etiology

    • Tobacco smoke is the primary cause, responsible for 85% of cases.
    • Other contributing factors include secondhand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, and coal dust.

    Early Signs and Symptoms (S&S) of Lung Cancer

    • Symptoms appear insidiously and are often unnoticed until advanced stages.
    • By diagnosis, 70% of lung cancer cases have metastasized.
    • Key early objective symptoms include:
      • Persistent cough (most common)
      • Respiratory infections (RespTI)
      • Wheezing
      • Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

    Late Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer

    • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
    • Chest pain
    • Weight loss
    • Anorexia

    Lung Cancer Diagnostic Tests

    • Imaging techniques: X-ray, CT scan, MRI.
    • Biopsy via bronchoscopy for definitive diagnosis.

    Lung Cancer Treatment Options

    • Surgery for removal of tumor.
    • Chemotherapy targeted at metastatic disease.
    • Radiation therapy to shrink tumors.

    Signs and Symptoms of Complications

    • Edema (swelling due to fluid retention)
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Complaints of pain (C/O pain)

    Priority Nursing Diagnoses

    • Ineffective breathing patterns
    • Ineffective airway clearance
    • Ineffective gas exchange

    Nursing Interventions

    • Conduct assessments every 4 hours.
    • Maintain head of bed (HOB) elevated for comfort.
    • Implement pulmonary hygiene practices: Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe (TCDB), Incentive Spirometry (IS).
    • Administer oxygen as prescribed.
    • Provide suctioning as needed.
    • Offer emotional support to patients and families.

    Pain Management Strategies

    • Utilize a continuous medication schedule with opiates and NSAIDs for cancer pain relief.
    • Address pain adequately to prevent “breakthrough” pain.
    • Patient-controlled analgesia pumps can be effective.
    • Long-acting opioids should be administered around the clock.

    New Tech Diagnostic Questions

    • Identify the foremost carcinogen contributing to lung cancer.
    • List the early signs and symptoms of lung cancer.
    • Outline diagnostic methods used for lung cancer identification.
    • Summarize treatment approaches for lung cancer.
    • Determine a priority nursing diagnosis for a lung cancer patient.
    • Provide three nursing interventions related to the identified nursing diagnosis.

    Key Terms Definitions

    • Contraindications: Reasons to withhold a certain treatment or drug.
    • Anaphylactic: Severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
    • Antiallergenic: Substance that prevents or counteracts allergic reactions.
    • Histamine: Compound involved in allergic responses.
    • Allergen: Substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
    • Bronchodilator: Medication that relaxes and opens airways.
    • Expectorant: Drug that helps clear mucus from the airways.
    • Antitussive: Medication that suppresses coughing.
    • Mucolytic: Agent that breaks down mucus to facilitate easier breathing.
    • Inhalant: Substance inhaled for therapeutic purposes.
    • Nebulization: Method of delivering medication as a mist for inhalation.
    • Urticaria: Hives or rash indicative of an allergic reaction.

    Classes of Medications for Upper Respiratory Issues

    • Understand the uses and actions of medications like intranasal steroids, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, antihistamines, and decongestants.

    Pre-Administration and Ongoing Assessment

    • Conduct thorough assessments prior to administering upper respiratory medications.
    • Monitor for adverse reactions, contraindications, and interactions with other medications.

    Bronchodilators and Antiasthma Drugs

    • Review the uses and actions of these drug classes.
    • Emphasize essential assessments both before and during treatment.

    Lung Cancer Pathophysiology

    • Carcinogens bind to DNA, leading to genetic changes and abnormal growth.
    • Primarily develops along the bronchial wall.
    • Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in the US.

    Lung Cancer Etiology

    • Tobacco smoke is the primary cause, responsible for 85% of cases.
    • Other contributing factors include secondhand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, and coal dust.

    Early Signs and Symptoms (S&S) of Lung Cancer

    • Symptoms appear insidiously and are often unnoticed until advanced stages.
    • By diagnosis, 70% of lung cancer cases have metastasized.
    • Key early objective symptoms include:
      • Persistent cough (most common)
      • Respiratory infections (RespTI)
      • Wheezing
      • Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

    Late Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer

    • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
    • Chest pain
    • Weight loss
    • Anorexia

    Lung Cancer Diagnostic Tests

    • Imaging techniques: X-ray, CT scan, MRI.
    • Biopsy via bronchoscopy for definitive diagnosis.

    Lung Cancer Treatment Options

    • Surgery for removal of tumor.
    • Chemotherapy targeted at metastatic disease.
    • Radiation therapy to shrink tumors.

    Signs and Symptoms of Complications

    • Edema (swelling due to fluid retention)
    • Difficulty breathing
    • Complaints of pain (C/O pain)

    Priority Nursing Diagnoses

    • Ineffective breathing patterns
    • Ineffective airway clearance
    • Ineffective gas exchange

    Nursing Interventions

    • Conduct assessments every 4 hours.
    • Maintain head of bed (HOB) elevated for comfort.
    • Implement pulmonary hygiene practices: Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe (TCDB), Incentive Spirometry (IS).
    • Administer oxygen as prescribed.
    • Provide suctioning as needed.
    • Offer emotional support to patients and families.

    Pain Management Strategies

    • Utilize a continuous medication schedule with opiates and NSAIDs for cancer pain relief.
    • Address pain adequately to prevent “breakthrough” pain.
    • Patient-controlled analgesia pumps can be effective.
    • Long-acting opioids should be administered around the clock.

    New Tech Diagnostic Questions

    • Identify the foremost carcinogen contributing to lung cancer.
    • List the early signs and symptoms of lung cancer.
    • Outline diagnostic methods used for lung cancer identification.
    • Summarize treatment approaches for lung cancer.
    • Determine a priority nursing diagnosis for a lung cancer patient.
    • Provide three nursing interventions related to the identified nursing diagnosis.

    Key Terms Definitions

    • Contraindications: Reasons to withhold a certain treatment or drug.
    • Anaphylactic: Severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
    • Antiallergenic: Substance that prevents or counteracts allergic reactions.
    • Histamine: Compound involved in allergic responses.
    • Allergen: Substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
    • Bronchodilator: Medication that relaxes and opens airways.
    • Expectorant: Drug that helps clear mucus from the airways.
    • Antitussive: Medication that suppresses coughing.
    • Mucolytic: Agent that breaks down mucus to facilitate easier breathing.
    • Inhalant: Substance inhaled for therapeutic purposes.
    • Nebulization: Method of delivering medication as a mist for inhalation.
    • Urticaria: Hives or rash indicative of an allergic reaction.

    Classes of Medications for Upper Respiratory Issues

    • Understand the uses and actions of medications like intranasal steroids, antitussives, mucolytics, expectorants, antihistamines, and decongestants.

    Pre-Administration and Ongoing Assessment

    • Conduct thorough assessments prior to administering upper respiratory medications.
    • Monitor for adverse reactions, contraindications, and interactions with other medications.

    Bronchodilators and Antiasthma Drugs

    • Review the uses and actions of these drug classes.
    • Emphasize essential assessments both before and during treatment.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on three key respiratory nursing diagnoses: Ineffective Breathing Patterns, Ineffective Airway Clearance, and Impaired Gas Exchange. Understand the implications and definitions of each diagnosis to enhance your nursing practice. Perfect for nursing students and professionals alike.

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