Respiratory Infections Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary therapeutic effect of thrombolytics?

  • Treat acute myocardial infarction (MI) (correct)
  • Boost immune response
  • Reduce inflammation
  • Prevent infection

    • Which intervention is necessary for monitoring patients taking anticoagulants?

  • Checking electrolyte levels
  • Assessing for skin rashes
  • Monitoring liver function (correct)
  • Measuring blood glucose levels

    • Which of the following substances should be avoided by patients taking anticoagulants due to the risk of increased bleeding?

  • Vitamin C
  • Calcium
  • Garlic (correct)
  • Potassium

    • What is the purpose of aminocaproic acid in the context of thrombolytics?

    <p>As an antidote to reverse clotting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended education point for patients on anticoagulants?

    <p>Therapeutic effects may take a few days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Low iron intake in diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes aplastic anemia?

    <p>Inability to produce enough blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with pernicious anemia?

    <p>Paresthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for polycythemia vera primarily includes which approach?

    <p>Blood withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an inherited inability to clot properly?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized symptom of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Uncontrolled bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytosis is characterized by an increase in which blood component?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does plasma play in blood function?

    <p>Facilitates blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Genetic mutation leading to misshapen red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would a patient most likely require a blood transfusion?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic effect of antitussives?

    <p>Suppress cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contradicted for diabetic patients?

    <p>Expectorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of mucolytics?

    <p>Thin mucus secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with decongestants?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key ingredient in many antihistamines?

    <p>Cetirizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a common nutritional consideration to boost the immune system?

    <p>High protein and fiber diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect can occur from the use of nasal glucocorticoids?

    <p>Nosebleeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for the use of mucolytics?

    <p>Respiratory insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used for its antiviral properties within respiratory treatments?

    <p>Echinacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of decongestants on the body?

    <p>Stimulate alpha1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

    <p>O-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of antiplatelet medications?

    <p>Prevention of thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of clotting?

    <p>Platelets initiating the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution can be safely administered with blood products during a transfusion?

    <p>0.9% sodium chloride solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be verified before a blood transfusion is administered?

    <p>The signed consent and prescription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of antiplatelet medication?

    <p>Hemorrhagic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important nursing consideration before administering blood products?

    <p>Assess infusion site for patency and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of direct thrombin inhibitors like Dabigatran?

    <p>Prevents thromboembolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of inflammation in the body?

    <p>It promotes blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common causes of osteoporosis?

    <p>Low calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with osteomyelitis?

    <p>Bone pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment strategy for muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Physical therapy and occupational therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Inflammation of joint lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely side effect of alendronate?

    <p>Esophagitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is notably associated with fibromyalgia?

    <p>Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of Paget's disease?

    <p>Increased bone density and size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is defined by an inward curvature of the spine?

    <p>Lordosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tendinitis treatment?

    <p>Reduce inflammation and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Infections

    • Symptoms: Fever, cough, nausea, swollen lymph nodes, and tonsils.
    • Causes: Bacteria, viruses, fungi invading lung tissue.
    • Symptoms: Secretions, runny nose, itchy eyes, inflammation, congestion.
    • Treatments: Decongestants, antibiotics, fluids, rest.

    Medications for Cough and Congestion

    • Antitussives

      • Action: Suppress cough reflex.
      • Uses: Treat cough; includes dextromethorphan, benzonatate, hydrocodone, codeine.
      • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, not for non-chronic productive cough.
      • Side effects: Drowsiness, respiratory depression.

    • Expectorants

      • Example: Guaifenesin.
      • Action: Thin mucous secretions for easier elimination.
      • Contraindications: Diabetic, alcohol issues.

    • Mucolytics

      • Examples: Acetylcysteine (inhaled), hypertonic saline.
      • Action: Liquefy mucus, serve as antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.
      • Contraindications: Respiratory insufficiency.
      • Side effects: Bronchospasms, tachycardia.

    • Decongestants

      • Examples: Phenylephrine, ephedrine, naphazoline, pseudoephedrine.
      • Action: Reduce nasal inflammation and congestion.
      • Side effects: Restlessness, rebound congestion.

    • Antihistamines

      • First-gen: Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Dimenhydrinate; Second-gen: Cetirizine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine.
      • Actions: Block histamine receptors to alleviate symptoms like sneezing and itching.
      • Contraindications: Narrow-angle glaucoma, urinary retention.
      • Side effects: Sedation, anticholinergic effects.

    • Nasal Glucocorticoids

      • Examples: Mometasone, Fluticasone, Triamcinolone, Budesonide.
      • Action: Decrease inflammation in rhinitis.
      • Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, hypertension.
      • Side effects: Nosebleeds, headaches, throat irritation.

    Nutritional Considerations

    • High protein and fiber diets support strong respiratory muscles.
    • Echinacea, elderberry, garlic, and oregano oil boost immune function.
    • Vitamins D and C enhance immune defense.

    Inflammation Benefits

    • Prevents infection and limits spread of pathogens.
    • Triggers clotting to prepare the area for healing.
    • Aids in removing bacteria and dead cells.

    Bone and Joint Disorders

    • Osteoporosis: Weakened bones from menopause, low calcium, smoking; treated with diet and exercise.
    • Rickets/Osteomalacia: Weak bones from vitamin D deficiency; treated with calcium and vitamin D.
    • Paget's Disease: Overgrowth of bone; treated with medication and mobility aids.
    • Osteomyelitis: Bone infection from various pathogens; treated with anti-infection medications.

    Spinal Curvatures

    • Lordosis: Inward curvature; often due to genetics or posture.
    • Kyphosis: Increased front-to-back spinal curve.
    • Scoliosis: Lateral spinal curvature; managed with physical therapy.

    Muscular and Joint Disorders

    • Muscular Dystrophy: Genetic condition weakening muscles; treated with PT and OT.
    • Fibromyalgia: Chronic pain and fatigue; management involves pain medications and lifestyle adjustments.
    • Osteoarthritis: Cartilage deterioration due to aging; pain management is primary treatment.
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammation of joint lining; managed with medication and mobility aids.

    Hematologic Disorders

    • Anemia Types:
      • Iron Deficiency Anemia: Low iron intake, characterized by brittle nails and fatigue; treated with supplements.
      • Anemia of Chronic Disease: Resulting from other illnesses; treated by addressing underlying conditions.
      • Pernicious Anemia: Autoimmune disorder with B12 deficiency; characterized by paresthesia; treated with B12 supplements.

    Blood Components and Actions

    • Whole Blood: Used for volume replacement.
    • Packed Red Blood Cells: Oxygen transport; treats anemia.
    • Platelets: Address bleeding issues.
    • Plasma: Contains coagulation factors; used in shock and burns.
    • White Blood Cells: Fight infections.

    Blood Transfusion Considerations

    • Universal Donor: O-; Universal Recipient: AB+.
    • Assess baseline lab values, monitor for fluid overload, ensure patient suitability for transfusion.
    • Administration requires verification of blood type and compatibility, monitoring vital signs closely.

    Clotting Process

    • Platelets initiate clotting, followed by fibrin mesh formation trapping RBCs.

    Antithrombotic Medications

    • Antiplatelets: Prevent thrombus formation; monitor for bleeding and contraindicated in children with fever.
    • Anticoagulants: Direct thrombin inhibitors like Dabigatran; watch for liver function and bleeding risks.
    • Thrombolytics: Used for acute conditions; risk of severe bleeding; interventions needed to manage potential complications.

    Nursing Interventions for Anticlotting Medications

    • Monitor patient mobility and fall risk, educate on the importance of compliance.
    • Ensure diet is supportive, avoiding interactions with medications.

    Herbal Supplement Considerations

    • Monitor vitamin K intake with warfarin; be cautious with ginkgo, garlic, and other supplements affecting coagulation.

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    Description

    Explore the various symptoms, causes, and treatments associated with respiratory infections. This quiz covers the distinctions between bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, as well as common symptoms like cough, fever, and nasal congestion. Test your knowledge on effective treatment approaches!

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