Questions and Answers
What is a primary therapeutic effect of thrombolytics?
Which intervention is necessary for monitoring patients taking anticoagulants?
Which of the following substances should be avoided by patients taking anticoagulants due to the risk of increased bleeding?
What is the purpose of aminocaproic acid in the context of thrombolytics?
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Which of the following is a recommended education point for patients on anticoagulants?
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What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia?
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What characterizes aplastic anemia?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with pernicious anemia?
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The treatment for polycythemia vera primarily includes which approach?
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Which condition is characterized by an inherited inability to clot properly?
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What is a recognized symptom of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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Leukocytosis is characterized by an increase in which blood component?
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What primary role does plasma play in blood function?
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Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia?
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In which condition would a patient most likely require a blood transfusion?
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What is the therapeutic effect of antitussives?
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Which medication is contradicted for diabetic patients?
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What is the main action of mucolytics?
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Which side effect is associated with decongestants?
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Which of the following is a key ingredient in many antihistamines?
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What is an example of a common nutritional consideration to boost the immune system?
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What potential side effect can occur from the use of nasal glucocorticoids?
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Which condition is a contraindication for the use of mucolytics?
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Which of the following is used for its antiviral properties within respiratory treatments?
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What is the primary action of decongestants on the body?
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Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
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What is the primary therapeutic effect of antiplatelet medications?
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What is the first step in the process of clotting?
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Which solution can be safely administered with blood products during a transfusion?
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What should be verified before a blood transfusion is administered?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of antiplatelet medication?
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What is an important nursing consideration before administering blood products?
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What is the action of direct thrombin inhibitors like Dabigatran?
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What is a primary benefit of inflammation in the body?
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What are common causes of osteoporosis?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with osteomyelitis?
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What is a treatment strategy for muscular dystrophy?
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What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which of the following is a likely side effect of alendronate?
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What symptom is notably associated with fibromyalgia?
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What is a potential consequence of Paget's disease?
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Which condition is defined by an inward curvature of the spine?
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What is the primary purpose of tendinitis treatment?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Infections
- Symptoms: Fever, cough, nausea, swollen lymph nodes, and tonsils.
- Causes: Bacteria, viruses, fungi invading lung tissue.
- Symptoms: Secretions, runny nose, itchy eyes, inflammation, congestion.
- Treatments: Decongestants, antibiotics, fluids, rest.
Medications for Cough and Congestion
-
Antitussives
- Action: Suppress cough reflex.
- Uses: Treat cough; includes dextromethorphan, benzonatate, hydrocodone, codeine.
- Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, not for non-chronic productive cough.
- Side effects: Drowsiness, respiratory depression.
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Expectorants
- Example: Guaifenesin.
- Action: Thin mucous secretions for easier elimination.
- Contraindications: Diabetic, alcohol issues.
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Mucolytics
- Examples: Acetylcysteine (inhaled), hypertonic saline.
- Action: Liquefy mucus, serve as antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.
- Contraindications: Respiratory insufficiency.
- Side effects: Bronchospasms, tachycardia.
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Decongestants
- Examples: Phenylephrine, ephedrine, naphazoline, pseudoephedrine.
- Action: Reduce nasal inflammation and congestion.
- Side effects: Restlessness, rebound congestion.
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Antihistamines
- First-gen: Diphenhydramine, Promethazine, Dimenhydrinate; Second-gen: Cetirizine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine.
- Actions: Block histamine receptors to alleviate symptoms like sneezing and itching.
- Contraindications: Narrow-angle glaucoma, urinary retention.
- Side effects: Sedation, anticholinergic effects.
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Nasal Glucocorticoids
- Examples: Mometasone, Fluticasone, Triamcinolone, Budesonide.
- Action: Decrease inflammation in rhinitis.
- Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, hypertension.
- Side effects: Nosebleeds, headaches, throat irritation.
Nutritional Considerations
- High protein and fiber diets support strong respiratory muscles.
- Echinacea, elderberry, garlic, and oregano oil boost immune function.
- Vitamins D and C enhance immune defense.
Inflammation Benefits
- Prevents infection and limits spread of pathogens.
- Triggers clotting to prepare the area for healing.
- Aids in removing bacteria and dead cells.
Bone and Joint Disorders
- Osteoporosis: Weakened bones from menopause, low calcium, smoking; treated with diet and exercise.
- Rickets/Osteomalacia: Weak bones from vitamin D deficiency; treated with calcium and vitamin D.
- Paget's Disease: Overgrowth of bone; treated with medication and mobility aids.
- Osteomyelitis: Bone infection from various pathogens; treated with anti-infection medications.
Spinal Curvatures
- Lordosis: Inward curvature; often due to genetics or posture.
- Kyphosis: Increased front-to-back spinal curve.
- Scoliosis: Lateral spinal curvature; managed with physical therapy.
Muscular and Joint Disorders
- Muscular Dystrophy: Genetic condition weakening muscles; treated with PT and OT.
- Fibromyalgia: Chronic pain and fatigue; management involves pain medications and lifestyle adjustments.
- Osteoarthritis: Cartilage deterioration due to aging; pain management is primary treatment.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammation of joint lining; managed with medication and mobility aids.
Hematologic Disorders
-
Anemia Types:
- Iron Deficiency Anemia: Low iron intake, characterized by brittle nails and fatigue; treated with supplements.
- Anemia of Chronic Disease: Resulting from other illnesses; treated by addressing underlying conditions.
- Pernicious Anemia: Autoimmune disorder with B12 deficiency; characterized by paresthesia; treated with B12 supplements.
Blood Components and Actions
- Whole Blood: Used for volume replacement.
- Packed Red Blood Cells: Oxygen transport; treats anemia.
- Platelets: Address bleeding issues.
- Plasma: Contains coagulation factors; used in shock and burns.
- White Blood Cells: Fight infections.
Blood Transfusion Considerations
- Universal Donor: O-; Universal Recipient: AB+.
- Assess baseline lab values, monitor for fluid overload, ensure patient suitability for transfusion.
- Administration requires verification of blood type and compatibility, monitoring vital signs closely.
Clotting Process
- Platelets initiate clotting, followed by fibrin mesh formation trapping RBCs.
Antithrombotic Medications
- Antiplatelets: Prevent thrombus formation; monitor for bleeding and contraindicated in children with fever.
- Anticoagulants: Direct thrombin inhibitors like Dabigatran; watch for liver function and bleeding risks.
- Thrombolytics: Used for acute conditions; risk of severe bleeding; interventions needed to manage potential complications.
Nursing Interventions for Anticlotting Medications
- Monitor patient mobility and fall risk, educate on the importance of compliance.
- Ensure diet is supportive, avoiding interactions with medications.
Herbal Supplement Considerations
- Monitor vitamin K intake with warfarin; be cautious with ginkgo, garlic, and other supplements affecting coagulation.
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Description
Explore the various symptoms, causes, and treatments associated with respiratory infections. This quiz covers the distinctions between bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, as well as common symptoms like cough, fever, and nasal congestion. Test your knowledge on effective treatment approaches!
