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Respiratory Epithelium in Nasal Cavity
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Respiratory Epithelium in Nasal Cavity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

  • Regulating breathing
  • Filtering out large particles
  • Cleaning and humidifying air (correct)
  • Gas exchange

    • Which part of the nasal cavity is lined with olfactory epithelium?

  • Superior conchae (correct)
  • Inferior conchae
  • Middle conchae
  • External vestibule

    • What type of epithelium is found in the external vestibule?

  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (correct)
  • Simple squamous epithelium

    • What is the main function of the lamina propria?

    <p>Conditioning the air we breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hair in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Filtering out large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thin layer of connective tissue beneath the mucosal epithelium?

    <p>Lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sebaceous glands in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Producing oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nasal cavities are there?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of blood flow in the capillaries of the lamina propria?

    <p>Opposite direction of the flow of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the respiratory part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the structure of the wall of larger bronchi compared to smaller bronchi?

    <p>Larger bronchi have cartilage rings that entirely encircle the lumen, while smaller bronchi have isolated plates of hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of club cells in the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of elastic fibers in the lamina propria of terminal bronchioles?

    <p>To cause the mucosa to fold when the smooth muscle contracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>They have a mucosa similar to terminal bronchioles but with additional openings to alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the mucociliary apparatus in bronchioles?

    <p>To push debris and dirt upwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between visceral and parietal pleura?

    <p>Visceral pleura is directly attached to the surface of the lungs, while parietal pleura lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the brush cells and small granule cells in the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>To produce mucins to maintain the fluid layer on the epithelial surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>They have a mucosa with ciliated simple columnar epithelium or simple cuboidal epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the smooth muscle in the lamina propria of terminal bronchioles?

    <p>To cause the mucosa to fold when the smooth muscle contracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Bronchi have mucosal glands, while bronchioles do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia?

    <p>To produce a constant flow of fluid to help odorant molecules access receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sinuses is located at the center of the skull?

    <p>Sphenoid sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the medial pharyngeal tonsil?

    <p>To detect and fight germs and other harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found on the upper surface of the epiglottis?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trachealis muscle during swallowing?

    <p>It relaxes to allow the esophagus to bulge into the tracheal lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trachealis muscle during the cough reflex?

    <p>It contracts to narrow the tracheal lumen, increasing the velocity of expelled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primary bronchi are there?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the segmental bronchi?

    <p>To supply a pulmonary lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ciliated columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To move cilia and help transport mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for producing and secreting hormones or signaling molecules that help regulate various physiological processes?

    <p>Kulchitsky cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are responsible for detecting chemical stimuli and transmitting sensory information?

    <p>Brush cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the basal cells in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>To serve as stem cells and give rise to other types of epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To respond to odorant molecules and generate an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To express many ion channels that help maintain an environment suitable for the function and survival of olfactory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the olfactory glands of Bowman in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To produce a lubricating fluid that helps to trap odorant molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the seromucous glands in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To produce a thin mucus layer that traps particles and gaseous impurities from the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the immunoglobulin (IgA) in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To help defend against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • Divided into two parts: conducting part (upper and lower respiratory tract) and respiratory part
    • Conducting part: cleans and humidifies air
    • Respiratory part: responsible for gas exchange (exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood)

    Nasal Cavity

    • Divided into two main parts: external vestibule and internal nasal cavity
    • Vestibule:
      • Skin from nose continues inside nostrils
      • Has sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hairs that filter out large particles from inhaled air
      • Epithelium transitions from keratinized stratified squamous to pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • Internal nasal cavity:
      • Lies inside the skull
      • Separated by the osseous nasal septum
      • Has three conchae (inferior, middle, and superior)
      • Inferior and middle conchae have respiratory epithelium, while superior conchae have olfactory epithelium
      • Mucosa covering conchae and nasal cavities has lamina propria with blood vessels, immune cells, and nerves that help condition inhaled air

    Respiratory Epithelium in Nasal Cavity

    • Consists of five major cell types:
      • Ciliated columnar epithelial cells (30%): move cilia to transport mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract
      • Goblet cells (30%): produce and secrete mucus
      • Brush cells: chemosensory receptors that detect chemical stimuli and transmit sensory information
      • Kulchitsky cells (small granule cells): secrete hormones or signaling molecules that regulate physiological processes
      • Basal cells: serve as stem cells, giving rise to other epithelial cells, ensuring continuous renewal and repair of the respiratory epithelium

    Olfactory Epithelium

    • Located in the roof of the nasal cavity
    • Responsible for smell
    • Consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (not ciliated)
    • Has three main cell types:
      • Olfactory neurons:
        • Bipolar neurons that respond to odorant molecules by generating an action potential
        • Axons form small nerves in the lamina propria, passing through the cribriform plate to reach the brain
      • Supporting cells:
        • Columnar cells with microvilli that help maintain an environment suitable for olfactory neurons
        • Express ion channels that help maintain the environment
      • Basal cells:
        • Act as stem cells for olfactory neurons and supporting cells
        • Replace olfactory neurons every 2-3 months and supporting cells less frequently

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Located in certain bones of the skull
    • Help in phonation of voice and lighten the skull weight
    • Lined with thinner respiratory epithelium (fewer goblet cells) and have fewer glands
    • Lamina propria continues with the peristomium (dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones)
    • Mucus is produced and drained through small openings

    Pharynx

    • Nasal cavities open posteriorly into the pharynx (upper part of the throat)
    • Respiratory epithelium is found in the pharynx, and stratified squamous epithelium is found in the oropharynx
    • Mucosa in the pharynx contains medial pharyngeal tonsil and two auditory tubes
    • Medial pharyngeal tonsil is part of the immune system, detecting and fighting germs and other harmful substances
    • Auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear cavities, equalizing pressure and draining fluids

    Larynx

    • Epiglottis: flat structure above the larynx that prevents swallowed food or fluid from entering the airway
    • Has two surfaces: upper surface (lingual surface) covered by stratified squamous epithelium, and lower surface (laryngeal surface) transitioning into ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • Larynx: short passageway between the pharynx and trachea, with walls made of sturdy hyaline cartilage and reinforced by smaller elastic cartilage
    • Lining forms two pairs of folds below the epiglottis: vestibular fold and vocal cords

    Trachea

    • Lined by respiratory epithelium with seromucous glands that moisten the windpipe
    • Reinforced by C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage, connected by trachealis muscle and a sheath of fibroelastic tissue
    • Trachealis muscle relaxes during swallowing to allow the esophagus to bulge, and contracts during the cough reflex to narrow the tracheal lumen

    Bronchial Tree

    • Trachea divides into two primary bronchi, each entering its lung along with blood vessels
    • Primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi (3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung)
    • Segmental bronchi: lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi, each supplying a pulmonary lobe
    • Smaller bronchi: segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi
    • Terminal bronchioles: the terminal branches of the smaller bronchi
    • Each bronchiole enters a pulmonary lobule to form 5-7 terminal bronchioles
    • Each terminal bronchiole enters a pulmonary lobule (pyramid-shaped lobule with its apex pointing towards the hilum)
    • Lobules are separated by a thin layer of connective tissue

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