Respiratory Disorders Overview
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Respiratory Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary disadvantage associated with silica-based glass particles in dental composites?

  • Lower aesthetic quality
  • Improved fatigue strength
  • Increased water sorption (correct)
  • Higher fracture resistance

    • Which type of composite would be classified as having a trimodal filler size distribution?

  • Conventional resin composites
  • Short fiber reinforced composites
  • Flowable composites
  • Packable composites (correct)

    • How do filler particles contribute to the mechanical properties of dental composites?

  • By increasing polymerisation shrinkage
  • By reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion (correct)
  • By decreasing hardness and wear resistance
  • By improving aesthetic appearance

    • What is the primary purpose of incorporating heavy metals like barium and strontium in glass fillers?

    <p>To provide radiopacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bulk-fill composites is incorrect?

    <p>They often contain a higher amount of filler particles for improved strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What size range do colloidal silica particles typically fall into in hybrid composite resins?

    <p>0.01-0.05 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with asthma attacks?

    <p>Consistent symptoms between attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction in individuals with asthma?

    <p>Exposure to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early-phase reaction in allergen-triggered asthma primarily involves what process?

    <p>Mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asthma is characterized by a reaction to a previously encountered antigen?

    <p>Allergen-triggered asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term effect may result from sustained allergic responses in asthma?

    <p>Increased airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common medication can induce non-allergenic asthma in sensitive individuals?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is primarily responsible for the bronchoconstriction during the early-phase reaction?

    <p>Histamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of bronchodilator therapy in asthma management?

    <p>Relax airway smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from the inflammation-related damage to the airway epithelium in asthma?

    <p>Decreased peak expiratory flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of salbutamol in asthma management?

    <p>Mimic actions of adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of long-term salbutamol use?

    <p>Xerostomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the action of methylxanthines like theophylline?

    <p>Useful bronchodilators with oral or IV administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one risk associated with inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Direct inhibitory effects on T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done prior to elective dental procedures for asthmatic patients?

    <p>Assess symptoms and recent history of episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as the most significant risk factor for COPD?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Persistent cough with sputum for at least 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change occurs in the bronchi due to chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Alteration in the mucosal lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients rinse their mouth after using inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>To prevent oral candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be the analgesic of choice for asthmatic patients?

    <p>Paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the transmission characteristics of active tuberculosis patients?

    <p>They require specialized medical treatment due to being infectious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material has the highest mineral content by weight?

    <p>Enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intrinsic change could affect the hue and chroma of materials in dentistry?

    <p>Degradation or transformation of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of fluorescence, which statement regarding teeth is correct?

    <p>Dentin has much greater fluorescent properties than enamel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the value of a tooth as chroma increases?

    <p>Value decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding dental composites, which statement is incorrect about composite resins?

    <p>They contain 70% minerals by weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thickness and opacity of enamel influence aesthetic properties?

    <p>It determines the chromatic influence of dentin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hue and chroma in dental materials?

    <p>They are inversely related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color analysis parameter does not directly measure the quality of dental materials?

    <p>Translucency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is referred to when objects match in one light condition but not in another?

    <p>Metamerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of pure chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Persistent cough with abundant sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is primarily associated with a1-antitrypsin deficiency?

    <p>Panacinar emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change is a characteristic feature of emphysema?

    <p>Reduced elastic recoil pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical region is most commonly affected in centriacinar emphysema?

    <p>Proximal parts of acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic bronchitis generally progress in terms of symptoms?

    <p>Insidious onset with slowly increasing dyspnea and chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to cor pulmonale in patients with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions of the lung is panacinar emphysema typically most severe?

    <p>Lower zones and anterior margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely physiological effect of excessive mucous production in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Increased airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical respiratory position of a patient with severe chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Sitting forward in a hunched-over position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential link between oral health and COPD?

    <p>Increased immune cell activation linked to periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Asthma is a variable obstructive airway disease characterized by unpredictable, disabling attacks of dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing triggered by sudden episodes of bronchospasms.
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
    • Sleep apnea is characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.
    • Respiratory tract infections are common.
    • Cystic fibrosis causes excessive mucus in the respiratory and digestive systems.
    • Tuberculosis primarily infects the lungs and can be fatal if left untreated.
    • Asthma attacks are often triggered by allergens and result in bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
    • Allergic (atopic) asthma is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction triggered by allergens like foods, animal sources, environmental factors, medication, and others.
    • Non-allergic (non-atopic) asthma can be triggered by drugs like aspirin and NSAIDs.
    • Bronchodilators, such as salbutamol (Ventolin), are used to relieve asthma symptoms by relaxing airway smooth muscle.
    • Inhaled corticosteroids, such as beclomethasone and budesonide, are anti-inflammatory agents used to prevent asthma attacks.
    • Dental environments can pose a risk of asthma attacks due to dental materials, products, medications (aspirin, NSAIDs, opioid analgesics), anxiety, and stress.
    • COPD is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide.
    • Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, along with exposure to lung irritants such as chemical vapors, pollutants, dust from grain or wood, and genetic predisposition to disorders like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
    • Chronic bronchitis is characterized by persistent cough with sputum for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other identifiable cause.
    • Emphysema involves irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of their walls.
    • There are four major types of emphysema based on the segments of the respiratory units involved: centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and irregular.
    • Centriacinar emphysema is the most common form and affects the central or proximal parts of acini, sparing the distal alveoli.
    • Panacinar emphysema is associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and is exacerbated by smoking.
    • COPD can manifest as pure chronic bronchitis, severe emphysema, or a combination of both.
    • There's a link between COPD and oral health, with periodontal disease potentially contributing to the progression of COPD.
    • Periodontal therapy in COPD patients may improve lung function and decrease the frequency of COPD exacerbations.
    • Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.
    • Obstructive sleep apnea is a common type of sleep apnea.
    • Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs.
    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB.
    • Patients with active TB are infectious and require specialized medical treatment.
    • Patients with latent tuberculosis are not infectious and can be treated under standard infection control precautions.
    • Dental health care providers should defer non-emergency treatment of patients with TB until they are non-contagious after medical treatment.

    Dental Material Properties

    • Enamel is the hardest material in the body, 300-500 KHN, and is translucent, brittle, and permeable.
    • Dentin is more susceptible to demineralization than enamel, is more opaque and resilient, and has a hardness value of 50-70 KHN.
    • The color of dental materials is crucial for matching natural tissues.
    • The Munsell scale analyzes color in three dimensions: wavelength, intensity, and brightness.
    • Hue and chroma are inherent material properties, while brightness can be altered by surface polishing.
    • Value is the total amount of light reflected from an object, influenced by enamel thickness and quality.
    • Fluorescence is the property of a material to absorb light at one wavelength and emit light at a different wavelength, causing a color shift.
    • Metamerism occurs when objects match under one light condition but mismatch under another due to differences in light spectral properties.
    • Composite resins are organic resin materials containing filler particles like quartz, fused silica, and silica-based glass particles.
    • Hybird composite resins have a combination of glass particles (5-20 micrometers) and colloidal silica (0.01-0.05 micrometers).
    • Small particle-hybrid composites use glass particles (0.1-6 micrometers) and colloidal silica.
    • Nanocomposites use silica nanoparticles (2-20nm) and zirconia-silica nonclusters (0.6 micrometers).
    • Filler particles play a crucial role in composite resin properties, including reducing polymerization shrinkage, improving mechanical properties, providing radiopacity, and controlling aesthetics.
    • Composite resins are classified based on their application as conventional resin composites, packable composites, flowable composites, and bulk-fill composites.
    • Bulk-fill composites are designed for larger restorations, often with modified resin matrices, different filler particle types, and sensitive light initiators.
    • Short fiber reinforced composites are indicated for dentin replacement in direct restorations and core build-up.

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    Week 5 Respiratory Disorders PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various respiratory disorders including asthma, COPD, sleep apnea, and cystic fibrosis. Explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for these conditions. Test your knowledge on how these disorders affect respiratory health.

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