Respiratory Disorders and Management

Degree of Compensation

• TICTOE method distinguishes between compensated and uncompensated acidosis or alkalosis.
• Partial compensation occurs when pH levels remain outside normal range, indicating ongoing acidosis or alkalosis.
• Example of partially compensated metabolic acidosis: pH 7.10, PCO2 10, HCO3 10.
• Uncompensated condition reflects normal buffer levels; example: unchanged PCO2 at 35 with similar acid-base disturbance.

Thoracentesis

• Invasive procedure used for diagnostic purposes and treatment of respiratory disorders.

Lung Biopsy and Bronchoscopy

• Important diagnostic tools for assessing lung conditions and diseases.

Local Causes of Respiratory Disorders

• Common causes include dryness leading to crust formation, trauma, hypertension, bleeding disorders, cancer, and rheumatic heart disease.

Epistaxis Management

• Defined as acute hemorrhage from the nostril.
• Management includes sitting up and leaning forward, applying pressure, using cold compresses, or nasal packing.

Total and Subtotal Laryngectomy

• Preoperative care focuses on psychosocial support and addressing voice loss.
• Risks include permanent tracheostomy and functional limits like the inability to consume liquids normally.

Postoperative Care for Laryngeal Procedures

• Established patent airway is crucial; suctioning performed as needed.
• Maintain sterile technique and semi-Fowler’s position; use normal saline to hydrate secretions and suction as required.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)

• Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
• Symptoms include cough with phlegm, blood in sputum, fever, night sweats, chest pain, and unintentional weight loss.
• Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are essential for curability.

Risk Factors for PTB

• Higher susceptibility in older adults, young children, smokers, and immunocompromised individuals (HIV, diabetes, autoimmune disorders).

Diagnostic Procedures for PTB

• Includes lung CT scans, bronchoscopy, thoracentesis, lung biopsy, and chest X-ray.
• Sputum cultures and PCR assays confirm TB presence.

Medication for PTB

• Common treatments include Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Rifampin.
• Effectiveness monitored through sputum culture; advised taking on an empty stomach and avoiding alcohol due to hepatotoxicity.

Prevention Measures for PTB

• Cough etiquette, avoiding close contact with TB-infected individuals, and regular room ventilation are recommended.

Pneumonia Overview

• An infection affecting one or both lungs, caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi leading to alveoli inflammation and fluid accumulation.
• Symptoms include cough with phlegm, fever, chills, and chest pain.

Risk Factors for Pneumonia

• Anyone can contract pneumonia; higher risk in individuals with poor oral hygiene, smoking, or compromised immunity.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• A chronic inflammatory lung disease often linked to long-term irritant exposure, particularly tobacco smoke.
• Symptoms include cough, dyspnea, chest pain, sputum production, and changes in skin color.

Collaborative Management for COPD

• Emphasis on promoting rest, increasing fluid intake, maintaining good oral care, and devising a suitable diet (high calorie, high protein).
• O2 therapy and avoidance of smoke and environmental pollutants are crucial components of management.

This quiz covers the critical concepts related to respiratory disorders, including acidosis and alkalosis compensation mechanisms, procedures such as thoracentesis and bronchoscopy, and the management of epistaxis. Test your understanding of the local causes and diagnostic tools used in assessing lung conditions.