Respiratory Disorders and Management

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Questions and Answers

What does a pH of 7.10 indicate in terms of metabolic conditions?

Neutral

Acidosis (correct)

Alkalosis

Normal compensation

In the context of the TICTOE method, what does it mean when compensation is described as 'uncompensated'?

The Pco2 is within normal range

Compensation is partial but ineffective

The pH has normalized

No adjustment by the buffer system has occurred (correct)

Which of the following is a local cause of respiratory disorders?

Bleeding disorders (correct)

Asthma

Systemic hypertension

Diabetes mellitus

What is the significance of a Pco2 level of 35 in the context of compensation?

Suggests a normal respiratory response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing epistaxis?

Sit up and lean forward with head tipped (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is NOT typically associated with the management of respiratory disorders?

Endoscopy (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is compansation categorized if the buffer remains normal despite abnormal pH?

Uncompensated (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measurements would indicate a metabolic acidosis condition based on the TICTOE method?

pH 7.10, Pco2 10, Hc03 10 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of pneumonia?

Shortness of breath (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention method for tuberculosis (TB)?

Cover your face with a regular cloth mask (B) Signup and view all the answers

How long after starting chemotherapy for TB is a patient no longer considered contagious?

2-3 weeks (A) Signup and view all the answers

What causes pneumonia?

Infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anti-TB medications is true?

They can be hepatotoxic. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant psychosocial concern for patients undergoing total laryngectomy?

Permanent tracheostomy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of postoperative care after a laryngectomy?

Establish a patent airway (A) Signup and view all the answers

What technique should be used when applying suction to a tracheostomy?

Apply suction for 5-10 seconds (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes pulmonary tuberculosis?

It can spread from the lungs to other organs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common communication method for patients who have undergone laryngectomy?

Using a picture board (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key prevention measure against infection for patients with a tracheostomy?

Ensure daily cleaning of the stoma and surrounding area (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with laryngeal cancer?

Nasal congestion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

It is a curable disease with early diagnosis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?

Severe abdominal pain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing pulmonary tuberculosis?

People who smoke (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic procedure for pulmonary TB involves analyzing a sputum sample?

Culture test (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in TB diagnosis?

To check for certain genes from TB germs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is NOT typically used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis?

Amoxicillin (A) Signup and view all the answers

For maximum absorption, anti-TB drugs should be taken under which condition?

On an empty stomach (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is most at risk of being immunocompromised?

Individuals undergoing chemotherapy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-TB drugs?

Sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Long-term exposure to irritating gases (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of COPD?

Fever (D) Signup and view all the answers

What dietary characteristics are recommended for individuals with COPD?

High calorie, high protein, low carbohydrates (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions is NOT part of the collaborative management for COPD?

Encourage cigarette smoking (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a risk factor for developing COPD?

Exposure to tobacco smoke (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an expected alteration in individuals with advanced COPD?

Clubbing of fingers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic agent is commonly used to help patients with COPD breathe easier?

Bronchodilators (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of pharmacotherapy in managing COPD?

Reduce airflow obstruction (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Degree of Compensation

TICTOE method distinguishes between compensated and uncompensated acidosis or alkalosis.
Partial compensation occurs when pH levels remain outside normal range, indicating ongoing acidosis or alkalosis.
Example of partially compensated metabolic acidosis: pH 7.10, PCO2 10, HCO3 10.
Uncompensated condition reflects normal buffer levels; example: unchanged PCO2 at 35 with similar acid-base disturbance.

Thoracentesis

Invasive procedure used for diagnostic purposes and treatment of respiratory disorders.

Lung Biopsy and Bronchoscopy

Important diagnostic tools for assessing lung conditions and diseases.

Local Causes of Respiratory Disorders

Common causes include dryness leading to crust formation, trauma, hypertension, bleeding disorders, cancer, and rheumatic heart disease.

Epistaxis Management

Defined as acute hemorrhage from the nostril.
Management includes sitting up and leaning forward, applying pressure, using cold compresses, or nasal packing.

Total and Subtotal Laryngectomy

Preoperative care focuses on psychosocial support and addressing voice loss.
Risks include permanent tracheostomy and functional limits like the inability to consume liquids normally.

Postoperative Care for Laryngeal Procedures

Established patent airway is crucial; suctioning performed as needed.
Maintain sterile technique and semi-Fowler’s position; use normal saline to hydrate secretions and suction as required.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
Symptoms include cough with phlegm, blood in sputum, fever, night sweats, chest pain, and unintentional weight loss.
Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are essential for curability.

Risk Factors for PTB

Higher susceptibility in older adults, young children, smokers, and immunocompromised individuals (HIV, diabetes, autoimmune disorders).

Diagnostic Procedures for PTB

Includes lung CT scans, bronchoscopy, thoracentesis, lung biopsy, and chest X-ray.
Sputum cultures and PCR assays confirm TB presence.

Medication for PTB

Common treatments include Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Rifampin.
Effectiveness monitored through sputum culture; advised taking on an empty stomach and avoiding alcohol due to hepatotoxicity.

Prevention Measures for PTB

Cough etiquette, avoiding close contact with TB-infected individuals, and regular room ventilation are recommended.

Pneumonia Overview

An infection affecting one or both lungs, caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi leading to alveoli inflammation and fluid accumulation.
Symptoms include cough with phlegm, fever, chills, and chest pain.

Risk Factors for Pneumonia

Anyone can contract pneumonia; higher risk in individuals with poor oral hygiene, smoking, or compromised immunity.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A chronic inflammatory lung disease often linked to long-term irritant exposure, particularly tobacco smoke.
Symptoms include cough, dyspnea, chest pain, sputum production, and changes in skin color.

Collaborative Management for COPD

Emphasis on promoting rest, increasing fluid intake, maintaining good oral care, and devising a suitable diet (high calorie, high protein).
O2 therapy and avoidance of smoke and environmental pollutants are crucial components of management.

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Description

This quiz covers the critical concepts related to respiratory disorders, including acidosis and alkalosis compensation mechanisms, procedures such as thoracentesis and bronchoscopy, and the management of epistaxis. Test your understanding of the local causes and diagnostic tools used in assessing lung conditions.