Respiratory Disease Management

What is the primary goal of pharmacological interventions in COPD treatment?

What is the recommended medication for mild asthma?

What is the mechanism of action of bronchodilators?

What is a common side effect of oral corticosteroids?

What is the goal of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD treatment?

What is the step-wise approach for managing severe asthma?

What is the primary mechanism of action of beta2 agonists in bronchodilators?

What is the primary therapeutic effect of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?

Which of the following types of medications is most likely to be used to treat bronchospasm?

What is the primary difference between inhaled corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids?

What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthines in bronchodilators?

What is the primary mechanism of action of expectorants?

Which type of medication is used to reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways?

What is the mechanism of action of mucolytics?

Which medication is used to break down DNA in mucus, reducing its viscosity?

What is the indication for using corticosteroids?

Which type of medication is used to increase the clearance of mucus from the airways?

COPD Treatment

Goals:
- Relieve symptoms
- Slow disease progression
- Improve exercise tolerance
- Reduce exacerbations
Pharmacological interventions:
- Bronchodilators (see below)
- Combination therapy (e.g., LABA + LAMA)
- Corticosteroids (see below)
- Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (e.g., roflumilast)
- Mucolytics (e.g., acetylcysteine)
Non-pharmacological interventions:
- Smoking cessation
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Oxygen therapy

Asthma Management

Goals:
- Control symptoms
- Prevent exacerbations
- Improve lung function
- Reduce medication use
Step-wise approach:
1. Mild asthma: Short-acting bronchodilators (SABAs) as needed
2. Moderate asthma: Add inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) + LABA
3. Severe asthma: Add oral corticosteroids, omalizumab, or bronchial thermoplasty
Medications:
- Bronchodilators (see below)
- Corticosteroids (see below)
- Leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast)
- Anti-IgE therapy (e.g., omalizumab)

Bronchodilators

Types:
- Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABAs): e.g., salbutamol, terbutaline
- Long-acting beta2 agonists (LABAs): e.g., salmeterol, formoterol
- Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs): e.g., tiotropium, aclidinium
- Anticholinergics: e.g., ipratropium
Mechanisms:
- Relax airway smooth muscle
- Increase bronchial diameter
- Improve lung function

Corticosteroids

Types:
- Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): e.g., beclomethasone, fluticasone
- Oral corticosteroids: e.g., prednisone
Mechanisms:
- Reduce inflammation
- Inhibit cytokine production
- Improve lung function
Side effects:
- Oropharyngeal candidiasis
- Dysphonia
- Adrenal suppression (oral corticosteroids)

This quiz covers the management of respiratory diseases, including COPD and asthma. It covers the goals, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, and medications used to treat these conditions.