Ultimate Mid Term Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the jaw thrust maneuver?

To stop bleeding from a nose injury

To open the airway of an unconscious person with suspected spinal injury (correct)

To assist in clotting

To help with breathing difficulties in asthma

Which component of blood is responsible for fighting infection?

Plasma

Red blood cells

Platelets

White blood cells (correct)

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Help with clotting

Fight infection

Provide yellowish liquid component of blood

Carry oxygen (correct)

In EMS, what does the term 'negligence' refer to?

Failure to follow a standard of care Signup and view all the answers

How many stages are typically involved in grief, according to the text?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of asthma as described in the text?

Swollen airway producing extra mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe low oxygen levels within the body?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the vessels that carry blood back to the heart?

Veins Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body contains the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones?

Pelvic area Signup and view all the answers

What does CNS stand for in medical terms?

Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of moving air in and out of the lungs?

Pulmonary Ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Left Ventricle in the heart?

Responsible for blood flow to the body Signup and view all the answers

Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What does a Thready Pulse indicate?

Cardiogenic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of attaching pads on the chest in AED protocols?

To analyze or analyze rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is Atherosclerosis characterized by?

Hardening of arteries from plaque build-up Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

Back-up of fluid in lungs Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the degrading of skin and organ systems?

Decay Signup and view all the answers

What is Emphysema primarily caused by?

Breakdown of alveoli due to smoking Signup and view all the answers

In which chamber of the heart does blood exchange occur?

Atria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of arterioles in the circulatory system?

Connect capillaries to arteries Signup and view all the answers

How does Diabetes impact insulin production?

Prevents the production of insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the skin when it appears mottled?

Bluish lace pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of seizures in children and infants?

High fever Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are striated or voluntary?

Heart muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tendons in the body?

Connect muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

How is poisoning defined in terms of substances that can harm the body?

Through injection or absorption Signup and view all the answers

Where are alveoli located and what is their primary function?

End of bronchioles; oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

Help with clotting Signup and view all the answers

In the context of breathing, what happens during inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts and drops Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a person lying on their stomach?

Prone Signup and view all the answers

Which organization manages the training standards for Emergency Medical Responders (EMR) and Paramedics?

DOT Signup and view all the answers

When does aspiration occur in the context of airways?

When materials enter the airway accidentally Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'standard precautions' refer to in a medical context?

Use of protective equipment to prevent disease spread Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the jaw thrust maneuver?

To manage a conscious person's breathing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of white blood cells in the body?

Fighting infection Signup and view all the answers

When is the head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver typically used?

For unconscious individuals with breathing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

Assist in clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the main responsibility of EMTs?

Offering basic medical care and transportation Signup and view all the answers

In the stages of grief, which stage typically involves refusing to believe or accept what has happened?

Denial Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the right ventricle in the heart?

Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What condition does dyspnea refer to?

Difficult or labored breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

Back up of Fluid in lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

It involves an enlargement of the main blood vessel delivering blood to the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pancreas in the endocrine system?

Making insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Thready Pulse?

Difficult to feel and indicates cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

Where in the heart does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

Connect small arteries to capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which age classification includes individuals aged 41-60 years?

Middle Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

In CPR protocols, where should pads be attached for an AED?

Chest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic sign of death associated with stiffening of muscles or joints?

Rigor mortis Signup and view all the answers

What is contraindicated if a DNR directive is present?

CPR Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of a seizure does the patient experience alternating between contraction and relaxing of muscles?

Clonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Moro reflex in infants?

Throwing arms out when startled Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms assessed in the OPQRST mnemonic during patient evaluation?

Onset and Provocation Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic is used for gathering detailed patient history focusing on symptoms and past events?

SAMPLE Signup and view all the answers

Which patient condition is characterized by decreased perfusion, dropping blood pressure, and airway constriction?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What do the letters AVPU represent in terms of assessing a patient's level of consciousness?

Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive Signup and view all the answers

____ blood cells - blood cells that carry oxygen

Red Signup and view all the answers

Plasma - yellowish liquid component of the ____

blood Signup and view all the answers

____ - lying as back, facing up

Supine Signup and view all the answers

____ happens when food, liquid, or other material enters a person's airway

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

During ____ muscles in chest wall relax

exhalation Signup and view all the answers

Department of Transportation manages the training standards of ____- Paramedic

EMR Signup and view all the answers

____ decreases size of chest cavity resulting in increased pressure that forces air out of body (breathing out/exhale)

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary ventilation - process of moving air in and out of ____

lungs Signup and view all the answers

Arteries - vessels that carry blood away from the ____

heart Signup and view all the answers

Central Nervous system contains the brain and spinal ____

cord Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries - thin blood vessels where exchanges gases, nutrients and wastes ____

occur Signup and view all the answers

What does HIPAA stand for? Health Insurance Portability + Accountability ____

Act Signup and view all the answers

____ barked

dog Signup and view all the answers

____ meowed

cat Signup and view all the answers

____ aids in digestion and blood sugar regulation, part of the endocrine system and makes insulin.

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Left Ventricle - strongest of the sections and is responsible for blood flow to the ____.

BODY Signup and view all the answers

Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood to the ____ where they receive oxygen.

LUNGS Signup and view all the answers

Thready Pulse - difficult to feel, indicates cardiogenic shock which is when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood around the ____.

body Signup and view all the answers

______ is the failure to follow a standard of care.

Negligence Signup and view all the answers

______ is the top 8 vertebrae in the spine.

Cervical Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the highest level of nationally recognized training for emergency medical responders.

Paramedic Signup and view all the answers

______ blood cells carry oxygen in the blood.

Red Signup and view all the answers

______ White cells fight infection in the body.

blood Signup and view all the answers

______ is a condition where the airway becomes inflamed, narrow, and produces extra mucus.

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

During a seizure, the patient experiences alternating between contraction and relaxing of muscles in the ______ phase.

clonic Signup and view all the answers

In anaphylaxis, the patient goes into shock which can lead to decreasing perfusion, blood pressure drops, and airway constriction making it difficult to breathe, this is a life-threatening ______ reaction.

allergic Signup and view all the answers

Infant Reflexes include the Moro reflex where the infant throws arms out, spreads fingers and grabs with fingers, and the palmar reflex where placing a finger in the infant's palm causes them to grasp it and turn their head in that direction, and the ______ reflex.

sucking Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of injury refers to the force that was applied to the patient to cause trauma, while the nature of illness refers to the circumstances or findings that suggest a possible ______ or injury.

disease Signup and view all the answers

In a stroke mnemonic, the letter 'F' stands for facial drooping, 'A' stands for arm weakness, 'S' stands for speech, and 'T' stands for ______.

time Signup and view all the answers

During patient assessment using the OPQRST method, 'O' stands for onset, 'P' stands for provocation, 'Q' stands for quality, 'R' stands for region/radiation, 'S' stands for severity, and 'T' stands for ______.

time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

Heart chambers:
- Atria: superior, upper chambers
- Ventricles: inferior, lower chambers
Blood vessels:
- Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
- Arterioles: small arteries connected to capillaries
- Capillaries: thin blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs
- Veins: carry blood back to the heart
- Venules: small veins connected to capillaries
Coronary arteries: supply blood to the heart muscle

Cardiovascular System

Systolic pressure: pressure of heart contraction
Diastolic pressure: pressure of heart relaxation
Thready pulse: difficult to feel, indicates cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest

Respiratory System

Pulmonary ventilation: process of moving air in and out of lungs
Alveoli: responsible for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Emphysema: respiratory disease caused by smoking, leading to breakdown of alveoli
Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): consists of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): consists of all nerves except CNS
Somatic: voluntary muscles
Autonomic: involuntary muscles

Patient Assessment

OPQRST: patient assessment tool
- Onset: when symptoms began
- Provocation: factors that make symptoms better or worse
- Quality: description of symptoms
- Region: location of symptoms
- Severity: degree of symptoms
- Time: duration of symptoms
SAMPLE: history taking tool
- Symptoms: patient's complaints
- Allergies: patient's allergies
- Medications: patient's medications
- Past history: patient's medical history
- Last oral intake: patient's last food or drink intake
- Events: events leading up to the incident
AVPU: levels of consciousness
- Alert: patient is awake and aware
- Verbal: patient responds to verbal commands
- Pain: patient responds to painful stimuli
- Unresponsive: patient does not respond to stimuli

Medical Emergencies

Anaphylaxis: life-threatening allergic reaction
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): enlargement of the aorta
Cardiac arrest: stopping of heart function
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): inability of heart to pump enough blood
Diabetes: condition where patient cannot produce insulin
Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar

EMS

EMR: first responder on scene
EMT: minimum training to staff an ambulance
Advanced EMT (AEMT): level of advanced training
Paramedic: highest level of nationally recognized training
DOT (Department of Transportation): manages training standards for EMS

Miscellaneous

Negligence: failure to follow a standard of care
Standard of care: degree of care a reasonable person would exercise
Abandonment: leaving a patient without turning them over to a higher level of care
Redirection: bringing the patient's focus back to the topic or immediate situation### Respiratory System
Decreased chest cavity size increases pressure, forcing air out of the body (exhaling)
Hypoxia: low oxygen levels within the body
Cyanosis: blueness or lividness of the skin due to low oxygen levels
Pulmonary ventilation: process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Blood Vessels

Arteries: vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins: vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries: thin blood vessels where exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes occur

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS): consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: contains nerves that transmit messages to and from the CNS

Skeleton

Pelvic area bones: illium, ischium, and pubis
33 bones in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx regions

Medical Terminology

Respiratory Rate for Infant: 30-60 bpm
NOI: Nature of Injury
HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Medical Legal Terms

Standard of Care: the degree of care a prudent and reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances
Negligence: failure to follow a standard of care
Abandonment: leaving a patient without turning them over to a higher level of care
Duty to Act: legal requirement to perform

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms related to the respiratory and circulatory system, including hypoxia, pulmonary ventilation, arteries, veins, and the nervous system. Identify definitions for common terms such as patent, cyanosis, and the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems.