Ultimate Mid Term Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the jaw thrust maneuver?

  • To stop bleeding from a nose injury
  • To open the airway of an unconscious person with suspected spinal injury (correct)
  • To assist in clotting
  • To help with breathing difficulties in asthma

    • Which component of blood is responsible for fighting infection?

  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets
  • White blood cells (correct)

    • What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  • Help with clotting
  • Fight infection
  • Provide yellowish liquid component of blood
  • Carry oxygen (correct)

    • In EMS, what does the term 'negligence' refer to?

    <p>Failure to follow a standard of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages are typically involved in grief, according to the text?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of asthma as described in the text?

    <p>Swollen airway producing extra mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe low oxygen levels within the body?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the vessels that carry blood back to the heart?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body contains the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones?

    <p>Pelvic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CNS stand for in medical terms?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of moving air in and out of the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Left Ventricle in the heart?

    <p>Responsible for blood flow to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Thready Pulse indicate?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of attaching pads on the chest in AED protocols?

    <p>To analyze or analyze rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Atherosclerosis characterized by?

    <p>Hardening of arteries from plaque build-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

    <p>Back-up of fluid in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the degrading of skin and organ systems?

    <p>Decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Emphysema primarily caused by?

    <p>Breakdown of alveoli due to smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which chamber of the heart does blood exchange occur?

    <p>Atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of arterioles in the circulatory system?

    <p>Connect capillaries to arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Diabetes impact insulin production?

    <p>Prevents the production of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the skin when it appears mottled?

    <p>Bluish lace pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of seizures in children and infants?

    <p>High fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are striated or voluntary?

    <p>Heart muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tendons in the body?

    <p>Connect muscles to bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is poisoning defined in terms of substances that can harm the body?

    <p>Through injection or absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are alveoli located and what is their primary function?

    <p>End of bronchioles; oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Help with clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of breathing, what happens during inhalation?

    <p>Diaphragm contracts and drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person lying on their stomach?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization manages the training standards for Emergency Medical Responders (EMR) and Paramedics?

    <p>DOT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does aspiration occur in the context of airways?

    <p>When materials enter the airway accidentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'standard precautions' refer to in a medical context?

    <p>Use of protective equipment to prevent disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the jaw thrust maneuver?

    <p>To manage a conscious person's breathing difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of white blood cells in the body?

    <p>Fighting infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver typically used?

    <p>For unconscious individuals with breathing difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Assist in clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of EMTs?

    <p>Offering basic medical care and transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the stages of grief, which stage typically involves refusing to believe or accept what has happened?

    <p>Denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the right ventricle in the heart?

    <p>Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does dyspnea refer to?

    <p>Difficult or labored breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?

    <p>Back up of Fluid in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

    <p>It involves an enlargement of the main blood vessel delivering blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pancreas in the endocrine system?

    <p>Making insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of Thready Pulse?

    <p>Difficult to feel and indicates cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the heart does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occur?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

    <p>Connect small arteries to capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age classification includes individuals aged 41-60 years?

    <p>Middle Adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In CPR protocols, where should pads be attached for an AED?

    <p>Chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic sign of death associated with stiffening of muscles or joints?

    <p>Rigor mortis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contraindicated if a DNR directive is present?

    <p>CPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of a seizure does the patient experience alternating between contraction and relaxing of muscles?

    <p>Clonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Moro reflex in infants?

    <p>Throwing arms out when startled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary symptoms assessed in the OPQRST mnemonic during patient evaluation?

    <p>Onset and Provocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mnemonic is used for gathering detailed patient history focusing on symptoms and past events?

    <p><strong>SAMPLE</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient condition is characterized by decreased perfusion, dropping blood pressure, and airway constriction?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the letters AVPU represent in terms of assessing a patient's level of consciousness?

    <p>Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ blood cells - blood cells that carry oxygen

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma - yellowish liquid component of the ____

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ - lying as back, facing up

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ happens when food, liquid, or other material enters a person's airway

    <p>Aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ____ muscles in chest wall relax

    <p>exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Department of Transportation manages the training standards of ____- Paramedic

    <p>EMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ decreases size of chest cavity resulting in increased pressure that forces air out of body (breathing out/exhale)

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary ventilation - process of moving air in and out of ____

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries - vessels that carry blood away from the ____

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Nervous system contains the brain and spinal ____

    <p>cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries - thin blood vessels where exchanges gases, nutrients and wastes ____

    <p>occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HIPAA stand for? Health Insurance Portability + Accountability ____

    <p>Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ barked

    <p>dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ meowed

    <p>cat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ aids in digestion and blood sugar regulation, part of the endocrine system and makes insulin.

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Left Ventricle - strongest of the sections and is responsible for blood flow to the ____.

    <p>BODY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood to the ____ where they receive oxygen.

    <p>LUNGS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thready Pulse - difficult to feel, indicates cardiogenic shock which is when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood around the ____.

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the failure to follow a standard of care.

    <p>Negligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the top 8 vertebrae in the spine.

    <p>Cervical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the highest level of nationally recognized training for emergency medical responders.

    <p>Paramedic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ blood cells carry oxygen in the blood.

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ White cells fight infection in the body.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a condition where the airway becomes inflamed, narrow, and produces extra mucus.

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a seizure, the patient experiences alternating between contraction and relaxing of muscles in the ______ phase.

    <p>clonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anaphylaxis, the patient goes into shock which can lead to decreasing perfusion, blood pressure drops, and airway constriction making it difficult to breathe, this is a life-threatening ______ reaction.

    <p>allergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant Reflexes include the Moro reflex where the infant throws arms out, spreads fingers and grabs with fingers, and the palmar reflex where placing a finger in the infant's palm causes them to grasp it and turn their head in that direction, and the ______ reflex.

    <p>sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism of injury refers to the force that was applied to the patient to cause trauma, while the nature of illness refers to the circumstances or findings that suggest a possible ______ or injury.

    <p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a stroke mnemonic, the letter 'F' stands for facial drooping, 'A' stands for arm weakness, 'S' stands for speech, and 'T' stands for ______.

    <p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During patient assessment using the OPQRST method, 'O' stands for onset, 'P' stands for provocation, 'Q' stands for quality, 'R' stands for region/radiation, 'S' stands for severity, and 'T' stands for ______.

    <p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Heart chambers:
      • Atria: superior, upper chambers
      • Ventricles: inferior, lower chambers
    • Blood vessels:
      • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
      • Arterioles: small arteries connected to capillaries
      • Capillaries: thin blood vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs
      • Veins: carry blood back to the heart
      • Venules: small veins connected to capillaries
    • Coronary arteries: supply blood to the heart muscle

    Cardiovascular System

    • Systolic pressure: pressure of heart contraction
    • Diastolic pressure: pressure of heart relaxation
    • Thready pulse: difficult to feel, indicates cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest

    Respiratory System

    • Pulmonary ventilation: process of moving air in and out of lungs
    • Alveoli: responsible for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Emphysema: respiratory disease caused by smoking, leading to breakdown of alveoli
    • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing

    Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): consists of brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): consists of all nerves except CNS
    • Somatic: voluntary muscles
    • Autonomic: involuntary muscles

    Patient Assessment

    • OPQRST: patient assessment tool
      • Onset: when symptoms began
      • Provocation: factors that make symptoms better or worse
      • Quality: description of symptoms
      • Region: location of symptoms
      • Severity: degree of symptoms
      • Time: duration of symptoms
    • SAMPLE: history taking tool
      • Symptoms: patient's complaints
      • Allergies: patient's allergies
      • Medications: patient's medications
      • Past history: patient's medical history
      • Last oral intake: patient's last food or drink intake
      • Events: events leading up to the incident
    • AVPU: levels of consciousness
      • Alert: patient is awake and aware
      • Verbal: patient responds to verbal commands
      • Pain: patient responds to painful stimuli
      • Unresponsive: patient does not respond to stimuli

    Medical Emergencies

    • Anaphylaxis: life-threatening allergic reaction
    • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): enlargement of the aorta
    • Cardiac arrest: stopping of heart function
    • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): inability of heart to pump enough blood
    • Diabetes: condition where patient cannot produce insulin
    • Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
    • Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar

    EMS

    • EMR: first responder on scene
    • EMT: minimum training to staff an ambulance
    • Advanced EMT (AEMT): level of advanced training
    • Paramedic: highest level of nationally recognized training
    • DOT (Department of Transportation): manages training standards for EMS

    Miscellaneous

    • Negligence: failure to follow a standard of care

    • Standard of care: degree of care a reasonable person would exercise

    • Abandonment: leaving a patient without turning them over to a higher level of care

    • Redirection: bringing the patient's focus back to the topic or immediate situation### Respiratory System

    • Decreased chest cavity size increases pressure, forcing air out of the body (exhaling)

    • Hypoxia: low oxygen levels within the body

    • Cyanosis: blueness or lividness of the skin due to low oxygen levels

    • Pulmonary ventilation: process of moving air in and out of the lungs

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries: vessels that carry blood away from the heart
    • Veins: vessels that carry blood back to the heart
    • Capillaries: thin blood vessels where exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes occur

    Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): consists of the brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System: contains nerves that transmit messages to and from the CNS

    Skeleton

    • Pelvic area bones: illium, ischium, and pubis
    • 33 bones in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx regions

    Medical Terminology

    • Respiratory Rate for Infant: 30-60 bpm
    • NOI: Nature of Injury
    • HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
    • Standard of Care: the degree of care a prudent and reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances
    • Negligence: failure to follow a standard of care
    • Abandonment: leaving a patient without turning them over to a higher level of care
    • Duty to Act: legal requirement to perform

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    Midterm Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms related to the respiratory and circulatory system, including hypoxia, pulmonary ventilation, arteries, veins, and the nervous system. Identify definitions for common terms such as patent, cyanosis, and the components of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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