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Questions and Answers
During aerobic respiration, which process generates the most ATP molecules?
During aerobic respiration, which process generates the most ATP molecules?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell?
What is the primary function of the nitrogen fixation process in the nutrient cycle?
What is the primary function of the nitrogen fixation process in the nutrient cycle?
Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in cell respiration?
Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in cell respiration?
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What is the byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
What is the byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?
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Which type of cell division results in four non-identical daughter cells?
Which type of cell division results in four non-identical daughter cells?
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What is the process by which water is circulated between the atmosphere, land, and sea?
What is the process by which water is circulated between the atmosphere, land, and sea?
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During anaerobic respiration, what is the net gain of ATP molecules?
During anaerobic respiration, what is the net gain of ATP molecules?
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What is the primary function of light absorption by pigments in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of light absorption by pigments in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
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Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop in homeostasis?
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop in homeostasis?
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What is the net result of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in terms of ATP and NADPH?
What is the net result of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) in terms of ATP and NADPH?
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What is the primary role of RuBisCO enzyme in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)?
What is the primary role of RuBisCO enzyme in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of homeostasis?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- Definition: The process of generating energy from the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules.
- Types:
- Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen, produces a net gain of 36-38 ATP molecules.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen, produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
- Steps:
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Breakdown of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
- Electron Transport Chain: Generation of ATP from the energy released.
Cell Division
- Definition: The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
- Types:
- Mitosis: Occurs in somatic cells, results in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Occurs in reproductive cells, results in four non-identical daughter cells.
- Phases:
- Interphase: Cell growth and replication of DNA.
- Prophase: Condensation of chromosomes and formation of the spindle fibers.
- Metaphase: Alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: Separation of sister chromatids.
- Telophase: Uncoiling of chromosomes and formation of nuclear membrane.
- Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells.
Nutrient Cycle
- Definition: The process by which nutrients are recycled and reused in an ecosystem.
- Components:
- Carbon Cycle: Involves the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between organisms and the atmosphere.
- Nitrogen Cycle: Involves the conversion of nitrogen between its various forms (e.g., ammonia, nitrate, nitrite).
- Water Cycle: Involves the circulation of water between the atmosphere, land, and sea.
- Processes:
- Decomposition: Breakdown of organic matter into nutrients.
- Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.
- Denitrification: Conversion of nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen.
Photosynthesis
- Definition: The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
- Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Light absorption by pigments (e.g., chlorophyll).
- Electron transfer and formation of ATP and NADPH.
- Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Carbon fixation (RuBisCO enzyme).
- Reduction of CO2 into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Homeostasis
- Definition: The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
- Mechanisms:
- Negative Feedback Loops: Counteract changes to maintain homeostasis.
- Positive Feedback Loops: Amplify changes to achieve a specific outcome.
- Examples:
- Thermoregulation: Maintenance of body temperature.
- Blood Sugar Regulation: Maintenance of blood glucose levels.
- Osmoregulation: Maintenance of water balance and ion concentrations.
Respiration
- Respiration generates energy from glucose and organic molecules breakdown.
- Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen, producing 36-38 ATP molecules.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing 2 ATP molecules.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) breaks down pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
- Electron Transport Chain generates ATP from energy released.
Cell Division
- Cell division is the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells.
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells.
- Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication.
- Prophase involves chromosome condensation and spindle fiber formation.
- Metaphase involves chromosome alignment at the cell center.
- Anaphase involves sister chromatid separation.
- Telophase involves chromosome uncoiling and nuclear membrane formation.
- Cytokinesis involves cytoplasm division and daughter cell formation.
Nutrient Cycle
- Nutrient cycle recycles and reuses nutrients in an ecosystem.
- Carbon Cycle involves carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange between organisms and atmosphere.
- Nitrogen Cycle involves nitrogen conversion between its various forms (e.g., ammonia, nitrate, nitrite).
- Water Cycle involves water circulation between atmosphere, land, and sea.
- Decomposition breaks down organic matter into nutrients.
- Nitrogen Fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.
- Denitrification converts nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
- The photosynthesis equation is: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2.
- Light-dependent reactions involve light absorption, electron transfer, and ATP and NADPH formation.
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) involve carbon fixation, CO2 reduction into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
- Negative feedback loops counteract changes to maintain homeostasis.
- Positive feedback loops amplify changes to achieve a specific outcome.
- Thermoregulation maintains body temperature.
- Blood Sugar Regulation maintains blood glucose levels.
- Osmoregulation maintains water balance and ion concentrations.
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Description
Quiz about respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic types, and the steps involved in generating energy from glucose breakdown.
