Respiratory system
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

  • Producing antimicrobial peptides
  • Producing mucus for airway defense
  • Defending against inhaled particles (correct)
  • Enhancing venous return

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

  • Helping maintain acid-base balance
  • Controlling the vocal cords
  • Enhancing venous return
  • Producing antimicrobial peptides (correct)

    • How does cystic fibrosis affect the mucociliary escalator?

  • It enhances ciliary beating
  • It blocks chloride pumps leading to mucus build-up (correct)
  • It increases fluid production
  • It promotes movement of mucus

    • Which component of the respiratory tract produces mucus for airway defense?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mucociliary escalator in cystic fibrosis patients?

    <p>Impaired mucus wafting due to lack of fluid movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional feature of alveoli contributes to gas exchange between air and blood?

    <p>Exchange of O2 and CO2 with blood in capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of cigarette smoke on airway defenses?

    <p>Paralyzes cilia on epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does additional mucus production affect individuals with cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Blocks airways further due to mucus accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

    <p>Engulfing and removing foreign particles and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for moving air in and out of the airways and lungs?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functional features of alveoli that aid in gas exchange?

    <p>Being thin-walled with macrophages and pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystic fibrosis, which aspect of the respiratory system is primarily affected?

    <p>Airway defenses against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the airway in the respiratory system?

    <p>Moving air in and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory system component is described as involving two types of alveolar cells, Type I and Type II?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pneumocytes in the alveoli?

    <p>Secreting pulmonary surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect related to breathing does Boyle's Law explain?

    <p>The relationship between lung volume and pressure during inhalation and exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the external intercostal muscles contract?

    <p>Pressure in lungs decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced expiration, which muscles are involved?

    <p>Internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is oxygen carried in the blood?

    <p>By haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure the haemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>Haematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve when pH decreases?

    <p>Shifts to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in temperature affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily involved in forced expiration?

    <p>Internal costal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?

    <p>Pressure in lungs decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the behavior of hemoglobin when oxygen pressure decreases.

    <p>Hemoglobin releases oxygen readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decrease in pH affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Reduces binding affinity of Hb for O2 and shifts the curve to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in temperature have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts the curve to the right, aiding in unloading oxygen more readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon dioxide affect oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?

    <p>Increases oxygen release readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of the amount of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>Haematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>To show the relationship between oxygen pressure and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the sensitivity of hemoglobin to oxygen pressure.

    <p>Hemoglobin holds onto oxygen when there is a lot available, but readily releases it when the pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different factors like pH, temperature, and carbon dioxide affect oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?

    <p>They can alter the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and influence how readily oxygen is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for the contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is linear, meaning it releases oxygen at a constant rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, holding onto it tightly even when there is a low availability of oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up, while the ribcage moves down and outwards.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation leads to a decrease in lung pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the Co2, PO2 and H+ conc?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what are 2 types of chemoreceptors?

    <p>central and peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    where is central chemoreceptors found?

    <p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

    <p>carotid and aortic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    phrenic nerve innervates the intercostal muscles

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what nerves are stimulated in peripheral chemoreceptors?

    <p>phrenic and thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    where is respiratory centre found?

    <p>in the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular and External Respiration

    • Cellular Respiration: Utilizes oxygen (O2) and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy.
    • External Respiration: Involves gas exchange; four steps include ventilation, exchange of gases in alveoli, transport of gases via blood, and cellular exchange.

    Steps of External Respiration

    • Ventilation: Gas exchange between the atmosphere and alveoli.
    • Alveolar Exchange: O2 and CO2 exchanged between alveolar air and blood.
    • Transport: Blood carries O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues.
    • Tissue Exchange: O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissue cells.

    Non-Respiratory Functions

    • Defense Mechanism: Alveolar macrophages protect against inhaled particles.
    • Homeostasis: Maintains acid-base balance and eliminates heat and water.
    • Vocal Cord Control: Regulates sound production.
    • Venous Return Enhancement: Aids in blood circulation.

    Airway Defenses

    • Goblet Cells: Produce mucus to trap particles.
    • Bronchi Epithelial Cells: Generate antimicrobial peptides.
    • Ciliated Cells: Move mucus towards the throat using ciliary action.
    • Mucus Composition: Comprised of glycoproteins and is wafted by cilia in a periciliary fluid layer.

    Cystic Fibrosis Impact

    • Lack of Chloride Pumps: Disrupts fluid movement, leading to mucus accumulation.
    • Bacterial Growth: Warm, stagnant mucus promotes infections and breathing difficulties.
    • Cilia Paralysis: Cigarette smoke damages cilia, exacerbating mucus blockage.

    Respiratory System Components

    • Airways: Conduct air; no gas exchange occurs here (e.g., trachea).
    • Lungs: Primary sites for gas exchange (e.g., alveoli).
    • Muscles: Facilitate airflow in and out of lungs.

    Alveoli Features

    • Capillary Network: Rich blood supply enhances gas exchange.
    • Thin Walls: Facilitate effective diffusion of gases.
    • Macrophages: Provide immune defense within alveoli.
    • Pneumocytes:
      • Type I: Thin, flat cells for gas exchange.
      • Type II: Secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Pressure Changes: Positive pressure is needed to push air into lungs; negative pressure allows air to flow in.
    • Boyle’s Law: Pressure and volume are inversely related; increased lung volume decreases pressure for airflow.
    • Structural Requirements:
      • Elastic tissues for volume changes.
      • Support structures to prevent collapse.
      • Musculature for volume modification.

    Breathing Structures

    • Diaphragm: Main muscle for inspiration.
    • Intercostal Muscles: Aid in ribcage movement for breathing.
    • Accessory Muscles: Assist in deep breathing and increased airflow when needed.

    Inspiration Process

    • Active Phase: Diaphragm contracts, resulting in ribcage expansion, increasing lung volume and drawing air in.

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    Related Documents

    Respiratory system.docx

    Description

    Explore the differences between cellular respiration, which uses O2 and produces CO2 and energy, and external respiration, involving gas exchange in 4 key steps. Learn about non-respiratory functions such as defending and maintaining the respiratory system.

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