45 Questions
What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Defending against inhaled particles
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Producing antimicrobial peptides
How does cystic fibrosis affect the mucociliary escalator?
It blocks chloride pumps leading to mucus build-up
Which component of the respiratory tract produces mucus for airway defense?
Goblet cells
What happens to the mucociliary escalator in cystic fibrosis patients?
Impaired mucus wafting due to lack of fluid movement
Which functional feature of alveoli contributes to gas exchange between air and blood?
Exchange of O2 and CO2 with blood in capillaries
What is the impact of cigarette smoke on airway defenses?
Paralyzes cilia on epithelial cells
How does additional mucus production affect individuals with cystic fibrosis?
Blocks airways further due to mucus accumulation
What is the main role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Engulfing and removing foreign particles and pathogens
Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for moving air in and out of the airways and lungs?
Muscles
What are the functional features of alveoli that aid in gas exchange?
Being thin-walled with macrophages and pneumocytes
In cystic fibrosis, which aspect of the respiratory system is primarily affected?
Airway defenses against pathogens
What is the main function of the airway in the respiratory system?
Moving air in and out of the lungs
Which respiratory system component is described as involving two types of alveolar cells, Type I and Type II?
Lungs
What is the role of pneumocytes in the alveoli?
Secreting pulmonary surfactant
What aspect related to breathing does Boyle's Law explain?
The relationship between lung volume and pressure during inhalation and exhalation
What happens when the external intercostal muscles contract?
Pressure in lungs decreases
During forced expiration, which muscles are involved?
Internal intercostal muscles
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
By haemoglobin
What is used to measure the haemoglobin in the blood?
Haematocrit
Which of the following factors affects oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?
pH
What happens to the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve when pH decreases?
Shifts to the right
How does an increase in temperature affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shifts to the right
Which muscles are primarily involved in forced expiration?
Internal costal muscles
What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?
Pressure in lungs decreases
Explain the behavior of hemoglobin when oxygen pressure decreases.
Hemoglobin releases oxygen readily
How does a decrease in pH affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Reduces binding affinity of Hb for O2 and shifts the curve to the right
What effect does an increase in temperature have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shifts the curve to the right, aiding in unloading oxygen more readily
How does carbon dioxide affect oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?
Increases oxygen release readily
What is the term for the measurement of the amount of hemoglobin in the blood?
Haematocrit
What is the main function of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
To show the relationship between oxygen pressure and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
Describe the sensitivity of hemoglobin to oxygen pressure.
Hemoglobin holds onto oxygen when there is a lot available, but readily releases it when the pressure decreases
How do different factors like pH, temperature, and carbon dioxide affect oxygen carriage by hemoglobin?
They can alter the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and influence how readily oxygen is released
During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for the contraction.
True
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is linear, meaning it releases oxygen at a constant rate.
False
Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, holding onto it tightly even when there is a low availability of oxygen.
False
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up, while the ribcage moves down and outwards.
False
Inhalation leads to a decrease in lung pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
True
What determines the Co2, PO2 and H+ conc?
Chemoreceptors
what are 2 types of chemoreceptors?
central and peripheral
where is central chemoreceptors found?
medulla oblongata
where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
carotid and aortic arteries
phrenic nerve innervates the intercostal muscles
False
what nerves are stimulated in peripheral chemoreceptors?
phrenic and thoracic
where is respiratory centre found?
in the brain stem.
Explore the differences between cellular respiration, which uses O2 and produces CO2 and energy, and external respiration, involving gas exchange in 4 key steps. Learn about non-respiratory functions such as defending and maintaining the respiratory system.
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