Respiration and Respiratory System Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in glucose metabolism?

  • To cleave glucose into pyruvate and produce ATP (correct)
  • To convert lactate back to glucose
  • To synthesize fatty acids from glucose
  • To store excess glucose as glycogen

    • What happens to pyruvate in aerobic metabolism?

  • It is converted to lactate
  • It is stored as glycogen
  • It is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (correct)
  • It is directly converted to ATP

    • Which cofactor is reduced during the glycolytic pathway?

  • NAD (correct)
  • ATP
  • CoA
  • FAD

    • What occurs during anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>Lactate is produced from pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the electron transport chain play in cellular respiration?

    <p>It harnesses energy from oxidation/reduction reactions for ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to NADH during the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

    <p>It is oxidized back to NAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does lactate accumulation have on intracellular pH?

    <p>It decreases pH, causing acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't muscle tissue export glucose released from its glycogen stores?

    <p>It lacks glucose 6-phosphatase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fuel used by muscles during contraction?

    <p>Glucose stored in muscle glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product formed during beta oxidation of fatty acids?

    <p>Acetyl CoA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen to fatty acids before they can enter the mitochondria for oxidation?

    <p>They must be activated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatic portal vein?

    <p>To collect blood from the mesentery of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy yield from a gram of fatty acids compared to carbohydrates?

    <p>9 kcal for fatty acids, 4 kcal for carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when fat stored in fat cells is broken down into free fatty acids?

    <p>Lipolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood leave the kidneys?

    <p>Through renal veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glycerol released during lipolysis?

    <p>It is absorbed by the liver and converted to glycerol 3-phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pulmocutaneous arch in the circulatory system?

    <p>To transport mixed blood to the lungs for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals have a four-chambered heart?

    <p>Crocodilians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is primarily formed from hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate?

    <p>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the circulatory system of reptiles from that of amphibians?

    <p>Reduction in mixing of blood in the ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component does NOT exist in the circulatory systems of birds and mammals?

    <p>Truncus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of blood mixing in the ventricle?

    <p>Generation of mixed blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart's conducting system?

    <p>It ensures ventricles contract after the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the speed of conduction in the AV node described?

    <p>Slow due to small diameter of neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?

    <p>To propagate the contraction wave from the apex to the atrioventricular valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?

    <p>Electrical changes during contraction of the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between blood pressure readings?

    <p>A normal reading of 120/80 mm Hg indicates proper heart function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system influences the heart rate by causing bradycardia?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents backflow in lymph vessels?

    <p>Presence of valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tachycardia refer to in the context of heart function?

    <p>Faster than normal heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the circulatory system play in temperature regulation?

    <p>It transports heat to maintain body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an open circulatory system?

    <p>Blood moves slowly and enters body cavities after leaving vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the venous system in amphibians?

    <p>Sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones transported by the circulatory system?

    <p>To maintain internal constancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulatory system type is characterized by blood being pumped from the heart and leaving the blood vessels?

    <p>Open circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber structure is found in the amphibian heart?

    <p>Two atria, one ventricle, one sinus venosus, and one truncus arteriosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The closed circulatory system is primarily characterized by which of the following?

    <p>High blood pressure and fast blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the circulatory system aid in immunity?

    <p>By containing cells that fight infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles during active inspiration?

    <p>To contract and pull ribs outward and upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strenuous exercise, how is ventilation affected?

    <p>Respiratory rate increases and expiration time decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported by haemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is responsible for normal quiet inspiration?

    <p>Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism occurs during active expiration?

    <p>Contraction of internal intercostal muscles pulls ribs inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thoracic cavity during active expiration?

    <p>It shrinks due to muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate action potential generation rate for DRG under normal conditions?

    <p>15 times per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration and Respiratory System

    • Respiration provides cells with oxygen for energy production and removes carbon dioxide
    • Different respiratory methods exist in the animal kingdom

    Types of Respiration in Animals

    • Direct exchange of gases between cells and the environment (protozoa, porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes)
    • Direct exchange of gases between blood and the environment (annelida)
    • Respiration through spiracles leading to trachea (insects)
    • Respiration through gills (fish)
    • Respiration through lungs (land vertebrates)

    Structure of the Respiratory System

    • Nostrils: Warm, filter, and moisten air
    • Nasal passages: Open areas in the nose
    • Pharynx: Throat, where air passes
    • Larynx: Voice box, constructed mainly from cartilage, with vocal chords for sound production
    • Trachea: Windpipe, kept open by cartilage rings, with cilia to remove foreign particles
    • Bronchi: Branch from trachea, enter the lungs, and spread into finer tubes
    • Bronchioles: Very thin tubes that subdivide further
    • Lungs: Located in the chest cavity, filled with alveoli for gas exchange

    Mechanism of External Respiration

    • Inspiration: Ribs are pushed outward, diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity increases in size, causing air to enter lungs
    • Expiration: Ribs and diaphragm relax, decreasing thoracic cavity size, forcing air out

    Mechanisms of Forceful Respiration During Exercise

    • In active inspiration, additional muscles contract to increase rib movement and stretch the lungs, allowing more air into the lungs
    • In active expiration, additional muscles contract to further decrease thoracic cavity size and expel more air

    Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

    • 98% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
    • 2% of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma
    • Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms:
      • Dissolved in blood plasma
      • Bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
      • As bicarbonate ions

    Nervous Control of External Respiration

    • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG): Responsible for normal quiet breathing, spontaneously generating signals for about 15 times per minute
    • Ventral respiratory group (VRG): Responsible for forceful breathing
    • Pneumotaxic center: Influences the rate of breathing
    • Apneustic center: Prolongs inspiration

    Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

    • Tidal volume (TV): Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath (about 500mL)
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Additional air that can be inhaled forcefully (about 3000mL)
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Additional air that can be exhaled forcefully (about 1200mL)
    • Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation (about 1200mL).
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (about 3500mL)
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume (about 2400mL)
    • Vital capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs (about 4800mL)
    • Total lung capacity (TLC): The sum of all lung volumes (about 6000mL)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    1st Year Physiology Midterm PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the respiration process and the structure of the respiratory system in various animals. This quiz covers different respiratory methods, from simple gas exchange to complex systems involving lungs. Discover how these adaptations allow organisms to survive in their environments.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser