Respiration and Respiratory System Quiz

The first pathway in glucose oxidation, breaking down a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

A three-carbon compound formed from glucose during glycolysis, further processed in either aerobic or anaerobic metabolism.

Glucose oxidation process that requires oxygen and produces a large amount of ATP through the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

A series of reactions that oxidize acetyl CoA to CO2, producing ATP and re-oxidizing NADH to NAD.

The process where pyruvate is reduced to lactate in the absence of oxygen, producing a small amount of ATP, crucial in exercising muscle.

The end product of anaerobic glycolysis, formed by reducing pyruvate. Can be converted back to pyruvate and further oxidized.

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of cells, produced during both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose.

A compound formed from pyruvate, entering the citric acid cycle initiating further oxidation of glucose.

Muscle does not export glucose from its glycogen stores; instead, it uses it for muscle contraction.

The breakdown of fats stored in fat cells, releasing free fatty acids into the bloodstream.

A process that splits long carbon chains of fatty acids into Acetyl CoA.

Fatty acids must be activated before entering mitochondria for oxidation.

The breakdown of fatty acids in the mitochondria.

A gram of fatty acid yields approximately 9 kcal of energy, compared to 4 kcal/g for proteins and carbs.

Amino acids are used for protein synthesis (growth, repair) and creating other compounds.

Ketones are produced when insufficient carbohydrates are available, and are present in large quantities in ketosis.

A circulatory system where blood flows out of vessels and into body cavities, bathing organs directly.

A circulatory system where blood remains within vessels, allowing for higher pressure and faster flow.

Hormones carried by the circulatory system to maintain internal balance.

The body's ability to fight infection.

The circulatory system helps maintain body temperature, crucial for homeothermic animals.

Amphibians have a 5-chambered heart with two atria, one ventricle, sinus venosus, and truncus arteriosus.

A collecting chamber in the amphibian heart that receives deoxygenated blood.

The vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Simultaneous contraction of both atria due to rapid conduction of stimulation through the heart's muscle tissue.

Nervous tissue that conducts the action potential slowly to the ventricles, delaying ventricular contraction after atrial contraction.

Transmits impulses rapidly from the AV node to the ventricles.

Network located at the apex of the ventricles, starting a contraction wave that moves upward toward the valves.

Pressure exerted by blood against artery walls, measured in mm Hg (millimeters of mercury).

The top number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure during ventricular contraction.

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure during ventricular relaxation.

Graphic recording of electrical changes in the heart, showing waves associated with atrial and ventricular contractions and relaxation.

Reptiles, except crocodiles, possess a partially divided ventricle, reducing oxygen/deoxygenated blood mixing. Their system is more advanced than amphibians, with a reduced sinus venosus and no truncus arteriosus.

Crocodiles, birds, and mammals have a four-chambered heart, creating separate pumps for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. No sinus venosus or truncus arteriosus are present.

The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart, where blood exchanges gases, becoming oxygenated.

The pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen to the cells and collects waste.

A specialized system of veins that carry blood from one capillary bed to another before returning to the heart. Examples include hepatic and renal.

Blood from the intestines is collected by the hepatic portal vein and transported to the liver for processing before entering the general circulation.

Blood containing both oxygenated and deoxygenated components, typically found in the ventricle before full separation in some animals.

A heart with four distinct chambers (two atria and two ventricles) that completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Found in mammals, birds, and crocodilians.

Increased breathing during exercise, involving greater use of muscles like scalenes and sternocleidomastoid to expand the thoracic cavity and lungs more, taking in a larger volume of air.

Increased breathing during exercise, involving greater use of muscles like internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to contract the thoracic cavity, pushing out a larger volume of air.

98% of oxygen binds to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin, and 2% dissolves in the blood plasma.

CO2 is transported in three forms: 25% combines with hemoglobin, 67% forms bicarbonate, and 8% is dissolved in plasma.

Part of the brain responsible for normal, quiet breathing, generating signals at a rate of about 15 times per minute.

Increases during exercise due to increased energy needs and CO2 removal requirements.

Inhalation time increases relative to exhalation time during exercise.

The process of air in and out of the lungs which is in overdrive during exercise.