Respiration and Breathing Quiz

Respiration and Breathing

• Respiration is a process where organisms break down food to release energy, crucial for survival.
• Breathing is the intake and expulsion of air from the lungs.
• Breathing is a part of respiration, not the same as respiration.
• Respiration is fundamental for all life.

Unique Breathing Patterns

• All living things breathe, but methods vary.
• Organisms acquire oxygen in diverse ways:
  • Humans breathe through nose and mouth.
  • Fish use gills.
  • Other organisms may breathe through skin, spiracles, etc.

Organs Systems and Respiration

• The human body comprises organ systems, working together for life.
• Organ systems consist of tissues, groups of similar cells working together.
• The respiratory system is responsible for breathing and gas exchange.

The Respiratory System

• The respiratory system includes interconnected organs.
• Breathing starts with air entering the nasal cavity.
• Air moves down the pharynx, then into the trachea.
• The trachea branches into two bronchi, leading to lungs.
• Bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles.
• Air reaches alveoli, tiny air sacs for gas exchange.
• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, facilitating oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is the final stage of respiration, releasing energy from glucose breakdown.
• Cellular respiration occurs within cell mitochondria.
• Cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, a waste product.
• Energy released fuels life processes.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

• Humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide during breathing.
• Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration.
• Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, producing their food.
• Plants release oxygen as a byproduct, creating a symbiotic relationship with humans.

Energy and the Cell

• Cells need energy for essential functions.
• Energy is stored in food molecule bonds.
• Energy released during cellular respiration is stored as ATP.
• Cells use ATP for activities like muscle contraction, nerve signals, protein synthesis, and growth.

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to generate energy as ATP.
• Processes include glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
• Respiration types include aerobic and anaerobic.
• Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen, the most common type.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP and potentially lactic acid or alcohol.
• Examples of aerobic respiration: Dogs, cats, elephants, lions, frogs
• Examples of anaerobic respiration: Muscles during strenuous activity (lactic acid fermentation)

Types of Cellular Respiration and Breakdown of Glucose

• Aerobic respiration:
  • Requires oxygen.
  • Complete, step-by-step breakdown.
  • Products: carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
• Anaerobic respiration:
  • Does not require oxygen.
  • Partial, incomplete breakdown.
  • Products: carbon dioxide, ATP, and either lactic acid or alcohol.

Breakdown of Glucose

• Aerobic respiration: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
• Anaerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation): Glucose → lactic acid + ATP
• Anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation): Glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide + ATP

Breathing

• Breathing is the human process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
• Breathing involves inhalation (taking in oxygen) and exhalation (releasing carbon dioxide).
• The respiratory system includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• Normal adult breathing rate is about 15-18 breaths per minute.

Respiratory Organs in Different Organisms

• Humans: Lungs (in chest cavity).
• Insects (crickets, grasshoppers, etc.): Spiracles (openings on body surface) leading to trachea.
• Earthworms and leeches: Moist skin for oxygen absorption.
• Fish: Gills used for underwater respiration.
• Frogs: Skin and lungs depending on environment.

Harmful Effects of Smoke

• Smoke contains damaging chemicals affecting lungs.
• These result in breathing problems and respiratory illnesses.

Breathing Mechanism

• Inhalation:
  • Diaphragm contracts, flattening and pulling downwards.
  • Rib cage expands.
  • Creates negative lung pressure, drawing air in.
• Exhalation:
  • Diaphragm relaxes, bulging upwards.
  • Rib cage contracts, decreasing chest cavity volume.
  • Pushes air out of lungs.

Sneezing

• Sneezing is a reflex clearing nasal passages of irritants (e.g. dust, pollen).
• Nasal passage irritants trigger a sneeze to expel them.
• Nasal hairs initially trap irritants.

Respiration In Fish

• Fish intake water through mouths, pushing over gills.
• Gills extract dissolved oxygen from water.
• Oxygen is transported to fish blood.
• Carbon dioxide waste is released from blood to water through gills.

Photosynthesis In Plants

• Plants absorb carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to create glucose.
• Photosynthesis releases oxygen, essential for other organisms.

Respiration In Plants

• Plants also respire like animals, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
• Respiration occurs in all plant parts, including roots.
• Roots absorb oxygen from soil air for respiration.

Respiration In Humans

• Humans breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through lungs, essential for energy production.

Importance of Root Hairs

• Plant roots have root hairs for increased surface area.
• Increased surface area leads to improved water and mineral absorption.

Advice For Studying

• Study chapters in the order taught.
• Review vocabulary/ definitions.
• Ask clarifying questions.