Resource Types and Development: Class 10

• Resources are essential for human survival and maintaining the quality of life
• Anything available in environment that satisfies our needs, can be technologically accessed, is economically feasible and culturally acceptable is a resource

Resource Transformation

• Interaction of nature, technology, and institutions is involved
• Human beings use technology to interact with nature and create institutions to speed up economic development

Resource Classification

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-Renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, Community, National and International
• On the basis of the status of development: Potential, Developed Stock and Reserves

Development Issues

• Resources were considered free gifts of nature, leading to indiscriminate use
• Problems include:
  • Depletion of resources for individual greed
  • Accumulation of resources in few hands, dividing society into rich and poor
  • Indiscriminate exploitation leading to global ecological crises

Sustainable Development

• Aims for economic development without environmental damage
• Focuses on not compromising the needs of future generations

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1992

• Convened in June 1992 with over 100 heads of state in Brazil
• Addressed pressing environmental and socio-economic development issues
• Leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity
• Adopted Agenda 21 for Sustainable Development in the 21st century

Resource Planning

• Involves judicious resource use

Agenda 21

• Declaration signed in 1992 at the UNCED in Rio de Janeiro
• Aims for global sustainable development
• Addresses environmental damage, poverty, and disease through cooperation

Resource Planning in India

• Involves:
  • Identifying and inventorying resources across regions
  • Creating a planning structure with appropriate technology and skills
  • Matching development plans with overall national plans
• India focused on achieving resource planning goals from the First Five Year Plan after Independence

Factors Affecting Development

• Availability of resources is necessary, but not sufficient for development
• Appropriate technology and institutions are also required
• Colonization history shows that higher technological development allowed colonizers to exploit resources

Resource Conservation

• Vital for developmental activities to avoid socio-economic and environmental problems
• Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources creates too many problems

Gandhian Philosophy

• Placed greedy individuals as cause of resource depletion
• Voiced concern about resource conservation

Land Resources

• Critical natural resource that supports various aspects of life
• Finite asset which requires careful planning

Land Features of India

• Includes mountains, plateaus, plains, and islands
• 43% is plain, suitable for agriculture and industry
• 30% are mountains, ensuring river flow and supporting tourism
• 27% is plateau, rich in minerals, fossil fuels, and forests

Land Utilization

• Forests
• Land not available for cultivation
• Other uncultivated land
• Fallow lands
• Net sown area

Land Use Pattern

• Determined by physical factors and human factors
• Physical includes topography, climate, and soil types
• Human includes population density, technological capability, and culture

Soil Composition

• Consists of both organic (humus) and inorganic materials
• Formation factors include soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, and chemical/physical properties

Alluvial Soils

• Widely spread and important
• Northern plains created by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers
• Potash, phosphoric acid and lime rich
• Ideal for sugarcane, wheat, and paddy
• Divided into Old alluvial (Bangar) and New alluvial (Khadar)

Black Soils

• Ideal for growing cotton, retaining moisture and soil nutrients
• Typical of the Deccan trap region, made up of lava flows

Soil Erosion

• Denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down
• Can cause an imbalance in soil levels
• Human activities: deforestation, over-grazing, mining, and construction
• Natural forces: Includes wind, glacier, and water

Soil Conservation Techniques

• Ploughing along contour lines
• Terrace cultivation
• Strip cropping
• Creating shelter belts

Understand resources, essential for human survival and quality of life. Explore resource transformation through nature, technology, and institutions. Learn about resource classification based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership and developmental status and associated developmental issues.