Resource Management & Sustainable Production

Core 2: Resource Management and Sustainable Production

• Materials are key to product design, manufacturing, and usage.
• The historical development of materials includes scientific advances and developments in unrelated fields which lead to new manufacturing techniques.
• Development should be assessed by its social and technological impact on design and consumer industries.
• Topics include resources, reserves, waste mitigation, energy use, clean tech, green design, and eco design

Resources and Reserves

• As non-renewable resources are depleted innovative solutions are needed to meet basic human needs for energy, food, and raw materials
• Developing renewable and sustainable resources is a significant challenge for designers in the 21st century.
• Renewable resources can be replenished while non-renewable resources cannot.
• Reserves are stocks of a resource that are economically feasible to extract.
• Renewability refers to how quickly a resource can be replaced or regenerated by the environment.
• Understanding economic and political importance of material and land resources requires considering the set-up costs, efficiency of conversion, sustainable supply, social and environmental impact and decommissioning

International Considerations

• Multinational companies obtaining resources in different countries, can significantly impact local populations, raising social, ethical, and environmental implications.
• The legacy of the industrial revolution becomes apparent through resource depletion and designers need to consider future generations.
• Much of the development of new resources results from innovations seeking sustainable solutions for existing problems.

Essential Idea

• Resource management and sustainable production carefully consider consumption of raw materials, energy, and waste production
• This management looks at resources and reserves effectively, seeking more sustainable production

Non-Renewable Sources

• Non-renewable sources are natural resources that cannot be replenished at a sustainable rate.
• They will run out if their rate of extraction is maintained.
• Examples include fossil fuels, earth minerals, ores, and nuclear fuel.

Fossil Fuels

• Oil, natural gas, and coal are fossil fuels
• Oil, or crude unpolished oil, is usually a smelly yellow to black liquid found in reservoirs underground
• Oil formed from ancient marine animal and plant remains that were covered by layers of mud, which created heat and pressure to form crude oil.
• Natural gas formed from the decayed remains of plants and animals buried under mud and soil that turned into rock.
• Pressure and heat converted organic material into coal, oil petroleum, and natural gas.
• Natural gas mainly consists of methane
• Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock made of mostly carbon and hydrocarbons.
• Coal is a non-renewable energy source, energy in coal originates from energy from plants that lived millions of years ago.
• Heat and pressure turned the plant remains into coal.

Facts about Fossil Fuels

• Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric pollution.
• Vehicle exhausts contribute more to acid rain than coal-burning power stations.
• Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels are burned, and the gases lead to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
• Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, caused the hole in the ozone layer.
• Coal has the longest life expectancy.
• Environmentalists dislike burning coal the most due to its high CO2 emissions.
• Increased use of coal likely will continue until there are cheap alternatives.

Fracking

• Fracking causes greenhouse gas emissions.
• Carcinogens like benzene are often used in fracking.
• Fracking contaminates groundwater.
• 600 Olympic-sized swimming pools of fresh water are trucked in from lakes, rivers, and streams in support of fracking.
• Tailings ponds used in fracking contain toxic recovered well water

Earth Minerals and Ores

• Earth minerals and ores are present in vast amounts in the earth's crust.
• Extraction occurs where they are concentrated through natural geological processes like heat, pressure, organic activity and weathering.
• Extraction processes occurs over long time scales, through plate tectonics and crustal recycling
• Local surface deposits are non-renewable within human timeframes, though common metal ores are practically inexhaustible at a world scale given human demand and capacity to mine.
• Rare earth minerals and elements are more scarce and in demand for manufacturing, esp. the electronics industry.
• Metal ores, like rocks and sand, unlikely to fully deplete at the current rate
• Metal ores form through more common processes compared to fossil fuels and are more abundant.

Nuclear Fuel

• Nuclear energy comes from the nucleus of an atom, found in heavy metals like uranium
• Energy from uranium is called nuclear energy.
• Generating power from nuclear reactions use heat to turn turbines, similar to fossil fuels.
• A nuclear power plant uses uranium as fuel
• Uranium pallets are combined uranium into large fuel assemblies inside a reactor core.
• Inside the reactor core, atoms are be split through fission, releasing heat
• Splitting uranium atoms to form smaller atoms is fission.
• One kilogram of natural uranium produces as much heat as 20 tonnes of coal.
• Scientist Martin Klaproth discovered uranium in 1789.
• CO2 emissions from nuclear fuel are very low, even lower than hydropower.
• Nuclear power plants are expensive to build and produce dangerous radioactive waste of up to 3% of plants waste
• Radioactive waste is disposed of very deep underground.
• A tsunami struck Japan in 2011 which caused problems at the Fukushim power plant
• Leakage of radioactive water from the tanks into the environment after the tsunami
• Radioactive materials create dangers to humans and the environment.

Nuclear Disaster Impact

• The Japanese government rates Fukushima as a level 7 disaster.
• Nuclear power plants have high capital costs and ongoing costs for storing toxic nuclear waste for over 240,000 years.
• Low fuel costs and low greenhouse gas emissions benefit nuclear energy.
• Nuclear plants produce radioactive waste requiring surcharges on electricity bills for waste storing, transporting and disposing, esp. in the US
• At the end of its lifetime, the plant must undergo decommissioning, safe storage and entombment.
• The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requires plants to finish the process within 60 years.
• Decommissioning may cost $500 million or more so the NRC requires setting aside funds for the process.

Renewable Sources

• Renewable sources can replenish over time and do not abate.
• Wind, solar, hydro, biomass, and geothermal are renewable sources.

Wind Power

• is the conversion of energy found in wind into electricity using turbines
• Environmentally-friendly but dependent on wind speed.
• Only produces 1% of world electricity but 20% in Denmark, 9% in Spain and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.

Noise Pollution from Turbines

• Wind turbines create two areas of noise pollution, the blades moving through the air, and the mechanical hub that produces electricity
• Sounds from wind turbines can be problematic for people that live close by to the machines
• Turbines may move slowly, but blades often reach 100 mph, pulsing or oscillating the sound
• Low frequency indoor sounds can vibrates and create pressure changes.
• Air moving over the blade surface causes turbulence and vortex shedding
• Some noise from nacelle makes a high-pitched whinning sound.
• Shadows of rotating blades can also disturb residents.
• Noise increases when further away depending on wind conditions. 

Biomass

• biological material comes from living, or recently living organisms like wood, waste, and alcohol fuels.
• Biomass is usually plant matter grown to create electricity or produce heat.
• Biomass reduces pressure on fossil fuels; helps humans learn new crisis solutions; and has recycling potentials from waste items. -Biomass reduces reliance on oil imports and biomass grown anywhere, relieving import cost pressure
• Biomass crop land use can interfere with food production due to world hunger challenges.
• Incineration process results in carbon dioxide into the environment and smoke causes air pollution.
• The cost of production is high due to labour.

Hydro Power

• Hydro power comes from the energy of falling water or rivers.
• Tidal power converts the energy of tides into electricity.
• Hydroelectric dams are the most common type of power generation.

Solar power

• Solar is the converted light and heat from the Sun
• Has been around since ancient times.
• Sunlight and radiant heat are considered successful forms of renewable energy source.

Geothermal energy

• Geothermal is the heat from the Earth and is clean and sustainable.
• Resources range from shallow ground to hot water and hot rock miles beneath the surface, and molten rock called magma.

Overview of Energy Types

• The overview includes Non-renewable energy resources like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear power
• A list of Renewable energy resources like Solar, Wind, Hydro, Bioenergy and Geothermal

Reserves.

• Reserves are resources identified by location, grade, quality, and quantity, which are known or estimated from specific geological evidence. -Economically extracted at the time of determination.

Renewability.

• Renewability relates to a resource that can be replenished over time, or is inexhaustible
• Hardwood resources can be renewed if all extraction stops.

Use of Resources

• Human muscle was the only source of energy for craft production until the Industrial Revolution.
• Products were made by hammers, chisels and saws.
• Manual production results in lower scale working with limited hours
• The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th and 19th centuries saw changes to agriculture, manufacturing and transportation
• Machinery replaced manual labour.
• Mechanization of the textile industries and canals, railways and steam power for transportation improved
• During the industrial revolution, manual labor declined and coal powered crafts, textiles, and agriculture

Waterwheel

• Development of machines based on flowing water led to a revolution in production.
• The waterwheel created power from flowing or falling water with to set of paddles .
• The water force moved the paddles created rotation of wheel
• The wheel transferred machinery power via shaft.
• Waterwheels date back to 4000 BC, and were used for irrigation, grinding, drinking water, sawmills and textile production.
• The waterwheel was probably the first method of creating mechanical energy that replaced humans and animals.
• It was limited to areas with fast-flowing bodies of water.

Steam power

• Inventing the steam engine and using created a large increase in the scale of production based on coal.
• Steam is more efficient than water because it its more movable and flexible however conversion is only 30%
• Steam usage led to Mechanisation of cotton industry , drive machine , , Mass productions , Faster productions Machines more powerful, more complex process

Dynamo

• Electricity led to a technological revolution with increased production.
• Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction/ and the invention of the dynamo converted coal/fast-flowing water to electricity for electrical products.

Electric Motor

• Electric motors has been made the same way since the 1850 an alternative production method
• Electrical energy(Current) convert into mechanical energy
• Most electrical motors work b electromagnetism, which are appliances fridge and washing machine

Arguments

• Fracking has disadvantages in efficiency and social impact; growing biomass fuels from multinationals, wind farm noise from their social and environmental impact; and nuclear risks from high set up costs.
• Using natural gas/nuclear power instead of coal/oil and alternatives from energy sources are advantages and considerations for the resource depletion and designs.
• The economic and political importance of set up cost, sustainable and constant supplies, social impact and environment /decommissioning is an advantages over other process

Waste Mitigation Strategies

• Abundance of resources led to people throwing items away leading to a decrease on the facets of resources but, throw away society led to of material in landfills, so designer can used as resource for recycling and use again
• Re use material , Recycle item, Recover items.

Essential Idea

• Waste mitigation strategies can eliminate the volume of material waste

Waste: (3Rs)

• Re-use is the same item product or different area.
• Recyle, process of changing(waste)material into new product
• Repair, reconstruction, and replacement
• Recondition something restore to the good quality (housing repair
• Re - engineer, improve something efficiency, motor bike Dematerialisation, do more or less the same Waste Management

Waste Reduction and Designing

• Design out waste/ designing closed-loop recycling will important.

Dematerialization

• Means lessening a materials needed of a produce also improves recycle
• Dematealization includes reduction of raw material to using less material/improves product with small later product and product efficenty

Product recovery strategies end of life

• Material Level in accordant with

End cycle

• Materials that can re use with process design etc so

Waste reduction

• Energy recovery from waste etc/ designers come to together create it and

Circular Economy

• Desingers design the material as
• • Discuss Point **
• Discus the disadvantage and advantage of of the advantages

** Task 2**

• All think timber grow to less lifetime

Energy

• What is in the building, what is in it, what is use for (

Essential idea:

• There are several factor to considered with respect to energy and design

Embodies

• Material and so on -

Distributing energy/ national international

• Is more better has one

End of Life

• Battery in every day ,

Clean Technology: Reduce Water/Pollution

• • Nature of Design= Clean Technology is Found in Broad Range, such as the water, energy. As Earth and Resource slowly Deplete, need for energy

• -Conserving the water and reduce the wastes

Easy: There are several factors as

• • Conspicuous Design**
• • Conserving the water and reduce the wastes (
• • International legal on wastes etc
• • End point of technology and

Drivers For the waste

• • To reduce pollution as much with with technology
• • Incremental and Reduce Solutions = System Level Solutions

International for the better

• • Have energy to improve the national
• • Energy top is is Sun and

Utilzation

• • Design technology and topic and so on
• • Biology and chemistary Topic

*Aims -

• • Point Is for to reduce the pollution
• • Implementation in the energy cycle

Green Design

• That Improve Existing Product With Environmental Design
• • New Technologies the is to

Conspicuous And PRINCIPA

• • Design for Green and Technology and all that
• • Design and
• • Is Important that everything is all

Easy

• • That need to be sustainability

E co Design all

• Is Consideration of the Environmental Impact With in product and life cycle.

Timescale

• Is the best way for the design

* Timescale And all sorts of stuff with

• • The Cradle To That to

"*" Design For The Environment=

• "
• • A design that use
• • Are more than the green

Green Design:

• To Reduce it energy with materials, energy
• Eco is complex with product and