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Questions and Answers
What is a defining characteristic of Tudor architecture?
What is a defining characteristic of Tudor architecture?
What architectural feature typically distinguishes the Western Stick style?
What architectural feature typically distinguishes the Western Stick style?
Which year range is associated with the height of Victorian architecture in America?
Which year range is associated with the height of Victorian architecture in America?
Which feature is not commonly associated with the Cotswold Cottage sub-type of Tudor architecture?
Which feature is not commonly associated with the Cotswold Cottage sub-type of Tudor architecture?
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What innovation during the Victorian era influenced architectural design?
What innovation during the Victorian era influenced architectural design?
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What characteristic is typically associated with Art Deco homes?
What characteristic is typically associated with Art Deco homes?
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Which feature is commonly found in Bungalow-style homes?
Which feature is commonly found in Bungalow-style homes?
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What is the origin of the name 'bungalow'?
What is the origin of the name 'bungalow'?
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What significant architectural change occurred in Art Deco by 1940?
What significant architectural change occurred in Art Deco by 1940?
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Which of the following statements about Cape Cod homes is true?
Which of the following statements about Cape Cod homes is true?
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What distinguishes Art Deco facades from other architectural styles?
What distinguishes Art Deco facades from other architectural styles?
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Which period saw the popularity of Bungalows peak in the United States?
Which period saw the popularity of Bungalows peak in the United States?
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What is a common misconception about Art Deco homes?
What is a common misconception about Art Deco homes?
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Which architectural style is characterized by pointed arches and exposed framing timbers?
Which architectural style is characterized by pointed arches and exposed framing timbers?
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What architectural feature is commonly found in Greek Revival homes?
What architectural feature is commonly found in Greek Revival homes?
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Which materials are primarily used in the construction of International style buildings?
Which materials are primarily used in the construction of International style buildings?
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When did the Gothic Revival style predominantly appear in American architecture?
When did the Gothic Revival style predominantly appear in American architecture?
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What influences shaped the Gothic Revival style in the 1800s?
What influences shaped the Gothic Revival style in the 1800s?
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Which characteristic is typical of Italianate homes?
Which characteristic is typical of Italianate homes?
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The Monterey style incorporates elements from which architectural influences?
The Monterey style incorporates elements from which architectural influences?
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What type of roof is commonly associated with National-style homes?
What type of roof is commonly associated with National-style homes?
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In what year did the Neoclassical architectural style gain popularity due to the World's Colombian Exposition?
In what year did the Neoclassical architectural style gain popularity due to the World's Colombian Exposition?
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Which city is noted for the townhouse variation of Greek Revival architecture?
Which city is noted for the townhouse variation of Greek Revival architecture?
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What design element defines Prairie-style houses?
What design element defines Prairie-style houses?
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Which architectural style is characterized by steeply pitched roofs and may include dormers and shutters?
Which architectural style is characterized by steeply pitched roofs and may include dormers and shutters?
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What is a distinct characteristic of Colonial Revival homes compared to original Colonial homes?
What is a distinct characteristic of Colonial Revival homes compared to original Colonial homes?
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Which architectural style is known for its absence of decoration and emphasis on functional elements?
Which architectural style is known for its absence of decoration and emphasis on functional elements?
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Which two features are commonly associated with Craftsman-style bungalows?
Which two features are commonly associated with Craftsman-style bungalows?
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Which feature is typical of Pueblo-style architecture?
Which feature is typical of Pueblo-style architecture?
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Which two subsets define the National style homes?
Which two subsets define the National style homes?
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What is a defining feature of the Dutch Colonial style?
What is a defining feature of the Dutch Colonial style?
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In which architectural style would you expect to see features like swags and garlands on the facade?
In which architectural style would you expect to see features like swags and garlands on the facade?
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Which style often features a steep, high, hip roof and is characterized by its formal design elements?
Which style often features a steep, high, hip roof and is characterized by its formal design elements?
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What type of window is commonly found in Federal-style homes?
What type of window is commonly found in Federal-style homes?
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What common feature distinguishes Creole Cottages?
What common feature distinguishes Creole Cottages?
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Which defining feature is associated with Gothic Revival architecture?
Which defining feature is associated with Gothic Revival architecture?
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Which architectural style is described as borrowing Colonial ideas while featuring refined details like elaborate cornices?
Which architectural style is described as borrowing Colonial ideas while featuring refined details like elaborate cornices?
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Which style emerged from the design of rural manor homes built by French nobles?
Which style emerged from the design of rural manor homes built by French nobles?
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What is a characteristic feature of Georgian homes?
What is a characteristic feature of Georgian homes?
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What feature is unique to the architectural design of Contemporary homes from 1950 to 1970?
What feature is unique to the architectural design of Contemporary homes from 1950 to 1970?
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What characteristic is typical of the Creole French variant that gained popularity in the 1940s and 1950s?
What characteristic is typical of the Creole French variant that gained popularity in the 1940s and 1950s?
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Which architectural style typically includes steep cross-gabled roofs and towers?
Which architectural style typically includes steep cross-gabled roofs and towers?
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What is a key feature of Ranch-style homes?
What is a key feature of Ranch-style homes?
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Which style features an octagonal window above the front door and is usually built in brick?
Which style features an octagonal window above the front door and is usually built in brick?
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What characteristic is typical of Saltbox homes?
What characteristic is typical of Saltbox homes?
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Which style includes a rectangular tower at the front and center of the structure?
Which style includes a rectangular tower at the front and center of the structure?
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What is a defining feature of Shed homes?
What is a defining feature of Shed homes?
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Which architectural style is known for featuring continuous wood shingles and asymmetrical forms?
Which architectural style is known for featuring continuous wood shingles and asymmetrical forms?
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The Shotgun style is defined by which of the following characteristics?
The Shotgun style is defined by which of the following characteristics?
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Which style is inspired by the missions of early Spanish missionaries and features low-pitched tiled roofs?
Which style is inspired by the missions of early Spanish missionaries and features low-pitched tiled roofs?
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What feature is a typical component of Split Level homes?
What feature is a typical component of Split Level homes?
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What is typically seen in Stick-style homes?
What is typically seen in Stick-style homes?
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Which style of home features elaborate brackets under eaves and molded cornices?
Which style of home features elaborate brackets under eaves and molded cornices?
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What feature distinguishes Regency homes from other styles?
What feature distinguishes Regency homes from other styles?
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The architecture of which style is known for lacking symmetry and having no consistent pattern?
The architecture of which style is known for lacking symmetry and having no consistent pattern?
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Study Notes
Residential Architectural Styles
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Art Deco (1925 - 1940)
- Origin: 1925 Paris Exhibition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs
- Influenced by the Machine Age, geometric elements, and vertical design
- Popularized by Hollywood movies of the 1930s
- Features: towers, projections above roofline, flat roofs, metal window casements, smooth stucco walls with rectangular cutouts, facades with zigzags and stylized floral & geometric motifs
- Evolved into Art Moderne featuring curved corners, rectangular glass-block windows, and a boat-like appearance
- Popularized in the United States by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen
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Bungalow (1880s - 1930s)
- Origin: California in the 1880s, a reaction to elaborate Victorian homes
- Spread eastward to the Midwest in the early 20th century
- Features: low-pitched gabled or hipped roofs, small covered porches at the entry
- The name "bungalow" has origins in India, referring to small, thatched homes.
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Cape Cod (Early US - Present)
- Early homes were one-story cottages with no dormers
- Became popular in suburban developments in the mid-20th century
- Features: square or rectangular, one or one-and-a-half stories, steeply pitched gabled roofs, possible dormers and shutters, clapboard or brick siding
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Colonial (1700s - 1900s)
- A general term encompassing many styles including Cape Cod, Saltbox, Georgian, and Dutch Colonial
- Features: rectangular, symmetrical, bedrooms on the second floor, double-hung windows with small, equally sized square panes
- Colonial Revival homes (late 1800s - 20th century): elegant central hallways, elaborate cornices, white clapboard siding, black or green shutters
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Contemporary (1950 - 1970)
- Features: odd-sized windows, tall windows, lack of ornamentation, unusual mixtures of wall materials (stone, brick, wood)
- Two versions: flat-roof and gabled types, latter often characterized by exposed beams
- Often one-story tall, designed to incorporate the surrounding landscape
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Craftsman (Early 20th Century)
- Popularized by architect and furniture designer Gustav Stickley
- Called "California bungalow" by architects such as Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene.
- Features: overhanging eaves, low-slung gabled roof, wide front porches framed by pedestal-like tapered columns
- Materials: stone, rough-hewn wood, and stucco
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Creole (1700s - Present)
- Origin: New Orleans in the 1700s
- Features: front wall recedes to form a first-story porch and second-story balcony stretching across the entire front, full-length windows opening into balconies, lacy ironwork across the second-story level, symmetrical design with front entrances at the center.
- Creole French (1940s - 1950s) variation of basic Creole design, featuring a steeper roof.
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Dutch Colonial (1600s - 1930s)
- Origin: Homes built by German settlers in Pennsylvania
- Features: broad gambrel roof with flaring eaves extending over porches, creating a barn-like effect, end walls often made of stone, chimney usually located on one or both ends, double-hung sash windows with outward swinging casements, dormers with shed-like overhangs, central Dutch double doorway
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Federal (Late 1700s - Present)
- Origin: Coincides with a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture
- Features: rectangular Georgian houses with added swags, garlands, elliptical windows, and other decorative details
- Features: arched Palladian window on the second story above the front door, front door usually has sidelights and a semicircular fanlight
- Often called "Adam" style after the English brothers who popularized it
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French Provincial (Mid 1600s - Present)
- Origin: Style of rural manor homes, or chateaus, built by French nobles during the reign of Louis XIV
- Features: balance and symmetry, often brick with copper or slate detailing, symmetrical and balanced windows and chimneys, steep high hip roof, balcony and porch balustrades, rectangle doors set in arched openings, double French windows with shutters, second-story windows with curved head that breaks through the cornice.
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Georgian (1700s - Present)
- Features: refined and symmetrical, paired chimneys, decorative crown over front door, side-gabled roofs, two to three stories high, brick construction, orderly row of five windows across the second story.
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Gothic Revival (Mid-1800s)
- Influenced by English romanticism and the Industrial Revolution
- Features: "Gothic" windows with pointed arches, exposed framing timbers, steep, vaulted roofs with cross-gables, towers, verandas, ornate wooden detailing
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Greek Revival (1800s - Present)
- Features: entry, full-height, or full-building width porches, entryway columns sized in scale to the porch type, a front door surrounded by narrow rectangular windows, gabled or hipped roofs, roof cornices with wide trim
- Townhouse variation: narrow, urban homes without porches, found in cities like Boston, Galveston, Texas, Mobile, Ala., New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Va., and Savannah, Ga.
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International (Early 20th Century)
- Initiated by European architects like Mies van der Rohe
- Features: exposed functional building elements (elevator shafts, ground-to-ceiling plate glass windows, smooth facades), modern materials (concrete, glass, steel), absence of decoration, steel skeleton support, interior and exterior walls as design and layout elements, projecting beams and columns.
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Italianate (1850 - 1880)
- Features: ornate, symmetrical bay windows in front, small chimneys in irregular locations, tall, narrow, windows, towers, elaborate window designs reappearing in supports, columns, and door frames
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Monterey (1853 - Present)
- Origin: Boston merchant Thomas Larkin relocated to Monterey, Calif. and combined New England Colonial with Adobe brick exterior
- Features: Adobe brick exterior, second-floor with a balcony, balcony railings in iron or wood, low pitched or gabled roofs with shingles or tiles, stucco, brick, or wood exterior walls
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National (Early US - Present)
- Features: unadorned, utilitarian, rectangular shapes with side gabled roofs or square layouts with pyramidal roofs, gabled-front-and-wing style with a side-gabled wing attached at a right angle to the gabled front
- "hall-and-parlor family" and "I-house" layouts: two rooms wide and one room deep
- Massed plan styles: layout more than one room deep, often with side gables and shed-roofed porches
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Neoclassical (1893 - 1950s)
- Inspired by the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition in Chicago
- Features: Ionic or Corinthian columned porches often extending the full height of the house, symmetrical facades, elaborate decorative designs above and around doorways, roof-line balustrades (low parapet walls)
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Prairie (1893 - Present)
- First designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in suburban Chicago
- Features: two styles - boxy and symmetrical or low-slung and asymmetrical, low-pitched roofs with wide eaves, brick and clapboard building materials, rows of casement windows, one-story porches with massive square supports, stylized floral and circular geometric terra-cotta or masonry ornamentation
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Pueblo (1900 - Present)
- Influenced by Native American and Spanish Colonial styles
- Features: flat roofs, parapet walls with round edges, earth-colored stucco or adobe-brick walls, straight-edge window frames, roof beams projecting through the wall, interior with corner fireplaces, unpainted wood columns, and tile or brick floors
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Queen Anne (Late Victorian Era)
- Features: Steep cross-gabled roofs, towers, vertical windows, inventive multistory floor plans, projecting wings, porches, balconies, multiple chimneys with decorative pots, wooden "gingerbread" trim, massive cut stone foundations.
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Ranch (1930s - Present)
- Sometimes called the California ranch style
- Features: one-story pitched-roof construction, built-in garage, wood or brick exterior walls, sliding and picture windows, sliding doors leading to patios.
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Regency (Early 1800s - Present)
- Features: symmetrical, two to three stories, brick construction, octagonal window over the front door, one chimney at the side of the house, double-hung windows, hip roof
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Saltbox (Colonial Times - Present)
- Features: sharply sloping gable roof resembling salt storage boxes, step roof line plunging from two and one-half stories in front to a single story in the rear, large central chimney, large, double-hung windows with shutters, clapboard or shingle exterior walls
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Second Empire (Late 1800s)
- Features: windows, molded cornices, decorative brackets under the eaves, one sub-type with a rectangular tower at the front and center of the structure
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Shed (1960s - 1970s)
- Features: multiple roofs sloping in different directions creating multi-geometric shapes, wood shingle, board, or brick exterior cladding, recessed and downplayed front doorways, small windows, lack of symmetry.
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Shingle (Late 19th Century)
- Features: wide porches, shingles, asymmetrical forms, unadorned doors, windows, porches, and cornices, continuous wood shingles, steeply pitched roof line, large porches, hints of tower extensions of the roofline.
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Shotgun (Turn-of-the-Century)
- Features: single story with a gabled roof, one room wide with each room leading directly into the next, vent on the front gable, full front porch with gingerbread brackets and ornamentation.
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Spanish Eclectic (Southwest and Florida)
- Features: low-pitched tiled roofs, white stucco walls, rounded windows and doors, scalloped windows, balconies with elaborate grill work, decorative tiles around doorways and windows, a bell tower or two.
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Split Level (1950s - Present)
- Features: multilevel design for separating activities (sleeping, socializing), garage and TV room in the lower level, mid-level for living and dining rooms, upper area above garage for bedrooms, various building materials.
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Stick (Victorian Era)
- Features: highly detailed, often with intricate wood carvings and decorative elements.
Stick Style
- Stick houses typically feature gabled, steeply pitched roofs with overhangs.
- The exterior walls and roof are often covered in wooden shingles.
- Decorative "sticks" adorn the cladding, arranged horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
- Stick houses commonly include porches.
- The Northeastern Stick style is prevalent in the Northeast region.
- The Western Stick style, prevalent in California, features a rectangular structure, sliding glass doors, a small chimney, and large panes of glass.
Tudor Revival Style
- Popular in the 1920s and 1930s, this style is a staple in American suburbs.
- Key features include half-timbering on bay windows and upper floors.
- Steeply pitched cross gables dominate the facades.
- The design often incorporates patterned brick or stone walls.
- Rounded doorways, multi-paned casement windows, and large stone chimneys are common.
- The Cotswold Cottage is a sub-style characterized by a sloping roof and a massive chimney at the front.
Victorian Architecture
- Victorian architecture flourished in the latter half of the 19th century.
- Mass-produced ornamentation, such as brackets, spindles, and patterned shingles, became easily incorporated thanks to machine technology advancements.
- The construction of truly Victorian homes ended in the early 1900s.
- Modern builders draw inspiration from Victorian ideas, creating eclectic "neo-Victorians" with modern materials and 19th-century details like curved towers and spindled porches.
- Victorian styles are recreated in Disney theme parks across Florida, California, and Europe.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various residential architectural styles, including Art Deco and Bungalow. Explore their origins, features, and historical significance from the early 20th century. Discover how these styles evolved and influenced modern architecture.
