30 Questions
What is the definition of stress according to the text?
A force acting over a given area
What are the two main types of geological activity that occur because of plate tectonics?
Mountain building and earthquakes
Which type of stress is most common at convergent plate boundaries?
Compression stress
What is the primary purpose of measuring, estimating or constraining stress magnitudes at depth in oil, gas and geothermal reservoirs?
To address a wide range of problems in reservoir geomechanics
What is the relationship between plate tectonics and the four types of stresses acting on materials?
Plate tectonics causes all four types of stresses to act on materials
What is the main purpose of describing stresses acting on a homogeneous, isotropic body at depth as a second-rank tensor?
To capture the directional and magnitude information of the stress field
What type of fold is characterized by the oldest rocks at the center and the youngest at the outside?
Anticline
In which type of fault do rocks crumple into folds and deform plastically under compressive stresses?
Reverse fault
What is the relative distance that rocks move along a fault called?
Slip
What type of fold results in rocks arching upward and dipping away from the center of the fold?
Anticline
Which type of fault has blocks of rock on one or both sides moving due to a fracture?
Joint fault
What type of structure is characterized by rocks bending downward in a circular manner?
Monocline
What is the most common type of stress at convergent plate boundaries?
Compression
What happens to rocks under tension?
They lengthen or break apart
What is the major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries?
Tension
What happens when forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions?
Shear
What is the most common type of stress at transform plate boundaries?
Shear
What is the relationship between stress and strain?
Stress causes deformation, and the amount of deformation is called strain
What type of rocks are considered 'incompetent' in the text?
Shale and evaporites
What feature on a map or cross-section indicates a 'ramp' portion of a fault?
The fault cuts stratigraphic boundaries at a high angle
What is the purpose of 'section balancing' according to the text?
To match footwall and hanging wall cutoffs on the same fault
What feature on a map or cross-section indicates a 'flat' portion of a fault?
The fault surfaces are almost parallel to the stratigraphic boundaries
What is the meaning of the term 'décollement' according to the text?
A very extensive flat where there has been a large amount of movement
What is the Humber Arm Allochthon composed of according to the text?
Cambrian and Ordovician deep-water sedimentary rocks and ophiolites
What type of deformation occurs when a rock returns to its original shape after the stress is removed?
Elastic deformation
Which of the following factors does NOT affect a rock's response to stress?
Color of the rock
Where in the Earth's crust are rocks more likely to undergo plastic deformation?
Deeper in the crust
What is the typical orientation of sedimentary rock layers when they are first formed?
Horizontal
What type of deformation occurs when a rock under stress breaks?
Fracture deformation
What is the significance of sedimentary rock layers that are not horizontal?
They suggest the rock has been deformed in some way
Learn about practical techniques to measure, estimate, and constrain stress magnitudes at depth in oil, gas, and geothermal reservoirs. Understand the concept of stress as a force acting over a given area and how it is represented as a tensor in reservoir geomechanics.
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