Research Terminology and R&D Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is one role of research in organizations?

  • Overseeing financial audits
  • Managing employee schedules
  • Creating advertising strategies
  • Planning and implementing new programs (correct)

What percentage of the purchase process do B2B buyers typically complete before engaging suppliers?

  • 60% (correct)
  • 80%
  • 50%
  • 30%

How does research contribute to public awareness?

  • By influencing social media trends
  • By promoting products directly
  • By understanding various issues (correct)
  • By creating advertisements

What is a significant emotional aspect of purchasing decisions?

<p>That they are based largely on subconscious factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does research act as nourishment for the mind?

<p>It helps in gaining and sharing knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of research and development in businesses?

<p>Development of new markets and opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aim of usage and attitude research?

<p>To understand buyer behaviors and preferences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does integrated supply chain management involve?

<p>All links in the flow of goods and services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes pragmatic decision-making as described?

<p>Characterized by no systematic consultation or research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an essential component of knowledge acquisition in research?

<p>Use of appropriate methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'Empiricism' in the context of research?

<p>Inquiry conducted through observation and evidence verification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific method, what is the first step?

<p>Choose a question to investigate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Skepticism' refer to in the principles of research?

<p>The notion that any proposition is open to analysis and critique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the characteristic 'futurity' in decision-making refer to?

<p>The time commitment required by a decision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic indicates the difficulty of reversing a decision?

<p>Reversibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a decision has a significant impact on various areas, it should be addressed at what level?

<p>A higher decision-making level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics involves social, human, and ethical factors?

<p>Quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'periodicity' refer to in relation to decision-making?

<p>How often a decision is revisited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be analyzed to understand the decision-making process better?

<p>The assumptions held by participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage can R&D be used in during the decision-making process?

<p>Monitoring and evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should decisions that are rare be handled according to the characteristics of decisions?

<p>They should be escalated to higher levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research involves data collection at multiple points in time?

<p>Longitudinal Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of longitudinal study focuses on population characteristics over time?

<p>Trend Study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of action research?

<p>To improve the quality of action in the social world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research aims to establish cause and effect relationships among variables?

<p>Causal Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does classification research aim to achieve?

<p>Categorize units into groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policy-oriented research is primarily concerned with what type of question?

<p>How can problem 'X' be solved or prevented? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of theory-building research?

<p>To establish and formulate a theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does research contribute to government policies?

<p>It helps in understanding people's needs and preparing budgets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a good research problem?

<p>It can be stated clearly and concisely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential for a research problem to relate to?

<p>One or more academic fields of study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a research problem ideally have according to available data?

<p>Sufficient data that can be obtained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the importance of a research problem?

<p>It has potential significance or importance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a research problem to generate research questions?

<p>It serves as the foundation for good research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers consider when determining the feasibility of a research problem?

<p>Time frame and budget considerations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research problem?

<p>It should not require any research questions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What quality does a well-defined research problem possess regarding its novelty?

<p>It touches on broader questions to explore deeper concerns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the amount of textual description depend on when presenting findings?

<p>The interpretation needed and the number of samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a p-value of .03% suggest about patient dissatisfaction and postoperative care?

<p>Greater dissatisfaction correlates with more frequent improvements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of consolidating data into one figure?

<p>It saves space and makes results easier to locate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be considered when structuring the findings section of a research paper?

<p>Designing strategies tailored to each unique study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the discussion chapter?

<p>Discussing the limitations of the research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT typically addressed in the discussion section of a research paper?

<p>What methods were used? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important practice when presenting data findings?

<p>Figures being relatively self-explanatory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can provide valuable insight for improving a results section?

<p>Any qualified experts, peers, or professors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research's role in learning

Research helps build knowledge and facilitate learning by understanding various subjects, increasing public awareness, and proving/supporting facts.

Research & Business

Research helps businesses by understanding buyer behaviors, preferences, and unmet needs, leading to successful business models and successful products.

Research's impact on opportunities

Research identifies, assesses, and helps businesses exploit valuable opportunities.

Usage and attitude research

A type of market research to understand consumer preferences, needs, and how they make buying decisions, often considering emotion-based choices.

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R&D role in organizations

R&D groups in companies conduct research, plan, implement new programs, and oversee product development.

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R&D's societal impact

R&D creates new markets and opportunities by developing knowledge.

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Supply chain management

Integrated partnerships among all parties in delivering goods and services to customers.

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Research for Innovation

Research enables companies to understand existing innovations, and also to mimic/build upon new innovations.

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Decision Characteristics

Decisions have five key characteristics: futurity, reversibility, impact, quality, and periodicity.

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Decision Level

Decisions should be made at an appropriate level within an organization considering the scope and impact of the decision. Higher level for long-term, irreversible highly-impacted decisions.

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Decision Process

The steps involved in making a decision, including problem identification, choosing a course of action, and monitoring/evaluation.

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Decision-Making Stages

Processes commonly involve multiple phases like problem identification, agenda setting, course selection, monitoring, and evaluation. R&D plays a role in each.

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R&D role

Research and development (R&D) can influence decision-making at various stages, from identifying problems to evaluating results.

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Decision Process Variation

Different decision-making processes exist, and R&D's involvement in these can differ.

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Decision Power Distribution

Analyzing who has the authority and impact during the decision process is crucial.

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Assumptive Worlds

Decision-makers' beliefs and assumptions influence how they make choices.

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Pragmatic Decision-Making

Decision-making that lacks systematic research or consultation, though research may be used selectively.

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R&D in Decision-Making

Research and Development can be used in support of a decision or to counter opposing viewpoints, but not always with a full systematic approach.

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Empirical Investigations

Research methods that rely on observation and data collection to test ideas.

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Scientific Inquiry

Knowledge gained through methods, such as observation, reasoning and intuition, but emphasizing the use of appropriate methods.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research involving forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments testing them and analyzing data.

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Longitudinal Research

Research that collects data at multiple points in time.

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Trend Study

A type of longitudinal research that looks at population characteristics over time.

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Cohort Study

A type of longitudinal research that traces a specific group over time.

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Panel Study

A type of longitudinal research that tracks the same individuals over time.

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Cross-sectional Research

Research that collects data once at a single point in time.

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Classification Research

Research focused on categorizing units into groups and explaining relationships between them.

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Causal Research

Research that aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

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Research Problem

A difficulty or situation requiring a solution, whether theoretical or practical.

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Clear Research Problem

A research problem clearly and concisely stated, forming the basis for the research proposal.

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Research Questions

Questions derived from a research problem, driving the research process.

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Theoretical Foundation

A research problem rooted in existing theories and frameworks.

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Academic Discipline

A research problem connected to a specific field of study.

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Literature Review

Research based on previous academic work (published information).

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Significance/Importance

A research problem's potential value and impact.

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Feasibility (Time/Budget)

A problem solvable within available time and resources.

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Sufficient Data

The availability of data to adequately address your research problem.

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Research Findings Presentation

Presenting research findings involves structuring and writing a section of a research paper. Effective presentation considers that different studies require unique approaches and includes well-organized tables and figures, numbered logically.

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Data Visualization in Research

Using graphs and charts to make the research findings visually easier to understand and analyze, placing data in multiple figures to help assess findings efficiently.

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Discussion Chapter Goal

The discussion chapter interprets research results, explaining their meaning, importance, and relevance within the context of the overall research question, objectives, and literature review.

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Interpreting Research Results

Understanding the meaning of the collected data, focusing on what the researchers' findings suggest and imply regarding the research question.

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Significance of Results

Explaining the broader importance of research findings and how they impact the area of research.

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P-value Significance

A p-value (probability value) measures the statistical significance of the difference between two groups; A low p-value suggests a strong relationship.

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Secondary Findings Importance

Exploring extra findings, subgroups analysis, and outcomes, that enhance the comprehensive understanding.

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Discussion: Limitations

Acknowledging specific aspects of the research design or data that might restrict the scope or strength of the interpretations.

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Study Notes

Research Terminology

  • Research is a careful or diligent search, diligent inquiry, or examination, especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts.
  • It's a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data.
  • It's a voyage of discovery, an attitude, an experience, a method of critical thinking.
  • It's a systematic effort to gain new knowledge; moving from the known to the unknown.
  • Research is the act of searching (closely, and carefully) for or after a specified thing or person.
  • A course of critical or scientific inquiry.
  • It's the process of gathering information to answer a question and solve a problem.
  • It's an art of scientific investigation to seek facts for principles.
  • Research is important in any form of development.

Research and Development

  • Research and development (R&D) is responsible for research, planning, and implementing new programs, protocols.
  • R&D is responsible for overseeing development of new products.
  • R&D impacts society by developing new knowledge, creating new markets, and new wage-earning opportunities.
  • R&D helps develop the means to create and use innovations.
  • Supply chain management systems are integrated partnerships among all links in the flow of goods and services.

Importance of Research in Development

  • Formal research can guard against casual inquiry.
  • Fundamental tendency of people to accept what we hear as facts.
  • Predict future events based on causality.
  • Inaccurate observations, overgeneralizations, and selective observations.
  • Formal research guards against specific faults of researchers, like opinions about how things should be, misconceptions, careless or faulty methods and observations, and ego involvement.
  • Important in providing a solid foundation for discovery, creation, theory building, testing, refining, and refuting knowledge, theory, investigation of problems (for local decision-making).
  • Crucial to advancements.

Types of Research

  • Basic research seeks to understand basic principles.

  • Applied research seeks to solve practical problems.

  • In any particular field, normal research is performed within a set of rules, concepts, and procedures.

  • Basic research investigates basic principles and reasons for occurrences.

  • Applied research is concerned with immediate applications, and provides a systematic insight and a logical explanation.

  • Quantitative: Numerical (not descriptive), uses statistics, conclusive, investigates “what, where, when” in decision-making. Results presented in tables and graphs.

  • Qualitative: Non-numerical (descriptive), applies reasoning, investigates “why and how” of decision-making. Qualitative data cannot be graphed.

  • Mixed: Mix of quantitative and qualitative methods.

  • Descriptive: Studies “what” and “how many” things occur.

  • Explanatory: Aims to understand/explain relationships between phenomena/ variables.

  • Longitudinal: Data collection occurs at multiple points in time.

  • Cross-sectional: Data collected once during a period of time.

  • Action: Improves quality of action in the social world.

  • Policy-oriented: Focuses on solving or preventing specified problems.

  • Causal: Establishes cause-and-effect relationships.

  • Theory-testing: Tests validity of a unit of theory.

  • Theory-building: Develops a theory.

Research Problem and Objectives

  • A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge.
  • Clearly state the problem clearly for readers' quick attention to the issue.
  • A good research problem generates research questions based on theory.

Sources of Research Problems

  • Current trends, issues, and situations
  • Political and economic trends
  • On-going programs and initiatives
  • Deep observations (careful study), cause-and-effect (relationships)
  • Awareness of social surroundings
  • Reading research articles and personal experience.

Probing Research Problems

  • Probing helps to generate further explanations from research participants.
  • It can be achieved nonverbally or verbally with follow-up questions.
  • Can be applied in individual or group interviews and focus groups.

Research Process

  • Identify the research problem.
  • Review the literature.
  • Specify a research purpose.
  • Collect data.
  • Analyze and interpret data.
  • Report and evaluate research

Sampling Methods

  • Probability: Each member of the population has a known probability of being selected.
    • Random: All members have equal chance.
    • Systematic: Every nth member is selected.
    • Stratified: Population is divided into strata, then random sampling from each.
  • Non-probability: Members of the population don't have a known chance of selection.
    • Convenience: Selecting accessible members.
    • Judgment: Researcher selects sample based on judgment.
    • Quota: Based on characteristics/proportions of the population.
    • Snowball: Existing subjects refer new ones.

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Related Documents

Lesson 1: Introduction to Methods of Research PDF

Description

This quiz explores key terminology related to research and development. Understand the systematic processes involved in gathering and analyzing data, and discover the methodologies that drive scientific inquiry. Test your knowledge on the significance of R&D in various fields and its role in development.

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