Research Question Types and Survey Design
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Questions and Answers

What type of question allows respondents to provide spontaneous answers, often rich in information?

  • Forced-choice questions
  • Open-ended questions (correct)
  • Leading questions
  • Likert scale
  • What issue is most likely to arise when questions are worded with double negatives?

  • Bias in responses
  • Increased clarity
  • Enhanced response accuracy
  • Reduced construct validity (correct)
  • What does 'Yea-saying' refer to in survey responses?

  • Respondents agree with every item (correct)
  • Respondents remain neutral on all items
  • Respondents disagree with every item
  • Respondents analyze each item thoughtfully
  • Which response pattern occurs when individuals provide the same response to all questions regardless of content?

    <p>Response set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the semantic differential format?

    <p>Respondents rate objects on a scale anchored by adjectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observer bias?

    <p>When the expectations of the observer influence their interpretation of study outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample?

    <p>Probability sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes stratified random sampling?

    <p>Randomly selecting individuals from predetermined demographic categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'confound' refer to in research?

    <p>An alternative explanation for a research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design involves participants being tested on the dependent variable before and after exposure to the independent variable?

    <p>Pretest/posttest design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In systematic sampling, how is the sample selected?

    <p>By counting off from a predefined list using random numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reactivity in research occurs when participants alter their behavior due to what?

    <p>Knowing they are being observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variable is specifically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?

    <p>Independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of counterbalancing in studies?

    <p>To minimize order effects by varying the order of conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mediating variable explain in an association between two other variables?

    <p>It accounts for the change observed in the second variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the third variable problem in correlation studies?

    <p>The relationship may be explained by an unmeasured variable affecting both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates snowball sampling from other sampling methods?

    <p>It relies on participants to recruit other participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a weak effect size indicate in research?

    <p>A negligible relationship between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling uses readily available participants, often leading to a biased sample?

    <p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does being exposed to one condition have on participants in an experiment?

    <p>It can alter how they react to subsequent conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of regression analysis?

    <p>To predict the value of a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of validity threats, what would be a significant concern for post-test only designs?

    <p>Lack of pre-test data to compare results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of factorial design in experimental research?

    <p>It allows for the evaluation of interactions between multiple predictors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of quasi-experiments is most critical for maintaining validity?

    <p>Managing selection biases and external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using open-ended questions in surveys?

    <p>Answers are challenging to categorize and analyze efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'fence sitting' in survey responses?

    <p>Providing indifferent responses to avoid picking a side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do leading questions typically have on survey results?

    <p>They can influence responses by suggesting a specific answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response pattern is characterized by individuals consistently agreeing with every survey item?

    <p>Acquiescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of question order in surveys?

    <p>Early questions can influence understanding and answers to later questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observer reactivity in psychological research?

    <p>When participants alter their behavior because they know they are being watched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biased sample most likely to result in?

    <p>Results that do not generalize well to the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method involves selecting individuals from specific demographic groups and then randomly choosing from those groups?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a confound in a research study?

    <p>To serve as an alternative explanation for results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes random assignment from random sampling?

    <p>Random assignment places participants into different groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a repeated measures design, what is a primary concern that researchers must address?

    <p>Order effects that might distort results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an effect size of 0.50 indicate in research?

    <p>There is a moderate strength of association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of oversampling in research?

    <p>To ensure underrepresented groups are accurately reflected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes systematic sampling?

    <p>Every nth member of a population is selected randomly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'cross-lag correlation' relate to in research?

    <p>Examining if early measurement of one variable predicts later measurement of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sampling method are participants asked to refer others for the study?

    <p>Snowball sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding within-groups design?

    <p>All participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mediating variable in research indicate?

    <p>It explains why two other variables are related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with self-selection in research?

    <p>It often limits sample diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Question Types in Research

    • Open-ended questions: Allow respondents to answer freely, providing rich detail. These are less efficient due to needing categorization and coding.
    • Forced-choice questions: Respondents select the best option from a predefined set, often used for preferences or contemporary issues.
    • Likert scales: Respondents rate agreement with a statement on a scale, e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree.
    • Semantic differential format: Respondents rate a target object on a numeric scale anchored by opposing adjectives, e.g., good-bad, strong-weak.
    • Leading questions: Phrased to elicit a specific response.
    • Double negatives: Questions with two negatives can confuse respondents, negatively impacting construct validity.

    Survey Design Considerations

    • Question order: Early questions can influence later responses.
    • Response set: (Non-differentiation): Respondents consistently answer similarly to all questions.
    • Yea-saying/Acquiescence: Respondents tend to agree with all items, regardless of content.
    • Nay-saying: Respondents tend to disagree with all items, regardless of content.
    • Fence sitting: Respondents choose middle options, particularly with controversial items.
    • Social desirability bias: Respondents may answer dishonestly to avoid appearing socially undesirable.

    Observer Bias and Effects

    • Observer bias: Observer expectations influence interpretation of outcomes.
    • Observer effects: Participant behavior adapts to match observer expectations.
    • Reactivity: Participants change behavior when aware of observation.

    Sampling Methods

    • Population: All people or products of interest.
    • Sample: A smaller group from the population.
    • Biased/Unrepresentative sample: Certain population members are more likely to be selected.
    • Unbiased/Representative sample: All members have an equal chance of selection.
    • Convenience sampling: Selecting readily available participants.
    • Self-selection: Participants volunteer.
    • Probability sampling: Every member has an equal chance of selection.
    • Simple random sampling: Randomly selecting participants, like drawing names from a hat.
    • Cluster sampling: Selecting whole groups (clusters) randomly.
    • Multistage sampling: Combining cluster and random sampling.
    • Stratified random sampling: Random selection within pre-defined demographics.
    • Oversampling: Overrepresenting one or more groups.
    • Systematic sampling: Using a random number generator to select participants at intervals.
    • Quota sampling: Similar to stratified sampling, but not a random selection.
    • Snowball sampling: Participants refer others.
    • Purposive sampling: Recruiting specific participants.

    Effect Sizes and Correlation

    • Effect size: Strength of association; larger values indicate more accurate predictions.
      • Values of 0.10 or -0.10 are weak; 0.30 or -0.30 are moderate; and 0.50 or -0.50 are strong.
    • Construct and statistical validity: Important factors when evaluating association claims.
    • Moderating variable: The relationship between two variables changes with a third variable.
    • Cross-sectional correlations: Correlation of two variables measured simultaneously.
    • Autocorrelations: Correlation of one variable with itself at different time points.
    • Cross-lag correlations: Correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another (best for temporal precedence).
    • Third variable problem: A possible third variable explaining the correlation between two variables.
    • Multiple regression statistics: Beta and significance values assess associations.
    • Mediating variable: A variable that explains the relationship between other variables.

    Experimental Design

    • Experiment: Manipulating a variable to measure its effect.
    • Independent variable: Variable that's manipulated.
    • Dependent variable: Variable affected by the independent variable.
    • Control variables: Variables held constant.
    • Confound: Alternative explanations for results (threat to internal validity).
    • Selection effects: Participant differences systematically affecting the independent variable groups.
    • Independent groups design: Different groups experience different levels of the independent variable.
      • Posttest-only design: Random assignment, single dependent variable measure.
      • Pretest-posttest design: Random assignment, dependent variable measured before and after.
    • Within-groups design: Same group experiences all levels of the independent variable.
      • Concurrent measures design: All levels of IV presented simultaneously.
      • Repeated measures design: Dependent variable measured multiple times.
    • Carryover effects: An effect from one condition affecting another.
      • Practice effects: Changes in performance due to repetition.
      • Counterbalancing: Presenting conditions in various orders to minimize order effects.
    • Order effects: The order of conditions impacting participant responses.

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    Description

    Explore the various types of questions used in research, such as open-ended and Likert scale questions. Understand design considerations like question order and response bias. This quiz will test your knowledge of effective research survey techniques.

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