Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of question allows respondents to provide spontaneous answers, often rich in information?
What type of question allows respondents to provide spontaneous answers, often rich in information?
What issue is most likely to arise when questions are worded with double negatives?
What issue is most likely to arise when questions are worded with double negatives?
What does 'Yea-saying' refer to in survey responses?
What does 'Yea-saying' refer to in survey responses?
Which response pattern occurs when individuals provide the same response to all questions regardless of content?
Which response pattern occurs when individuals provide the same response to all questions regardless of content?
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What is the main characteristic of the semantic differential format?
What is the main characteristic of the semantic differential format?
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What is observer bias?
What is observer bias?
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Which sampling method ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample?
Which sampling method ensures that all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample?
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Which of the following best describes stratified random sampling?
Which of the following best describes stratified random sampling?
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What does the term 'confound' refer to in research?
What does the term 'confound' refer to in research?
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What type of research design involves participants being tested on the dependent variable before and after exposure to the independent variable?
What type of research design involves participants being tested on the dependent variable before and after exposure to the independent variable?
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In systematic sampling, how is the sample selected?
In systematic sampling, how is the sample selected?
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Reactivity in research occurs when participants alter their behavior due to what?
Reactivity in research occurs when participants alter their behavior due to what?
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Which type of variable is specifically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?
Which type of variable is specifically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?
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What is the main purpose of counterbalancing in studies?
What is the main purpose of counterbalancing in studies?
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What does a mediating variable explain in an association between two other variables?
What does a mediating variable explain in an association between two other variables?
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What is the primary concern of the third variable problem in correlation studies?
What is the primary concern of the third variable problem in correlation studies?
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What differentiates snowball sampling from other sampling methods?
What differentiates snowball sampling from other sampling methods?
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What does a weak effect size indicate in research?
What does a weak effect size indicate in research?
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What type of sampling uses readily available participants, often leading to a biased sample?
What type of sampling uses readily available participants, often leading to a biased sample?
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What effect does being exposed to one condition have on participants in an experiment?
What effect does being exposed to one condition have on participants in an experiment?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of regression analysis?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of regression analysis?
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In the context of validity threats, what would be a significant concern for post-test only designs?
In the context of validity threats, what would be a significant concern for post-test only designs?
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What is a characteristic of factorial design in experimental research?
What is a characteristic of factorial design in experimental research?
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Which aspect of quasi-experiments is most critical for maintaining validity?
Which aspect of quasi-experiments is most critical for maintaining validity?
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What is a major disadvantage of using open-ended questions in surveys?
What is a major disadvantage of using open-ended questions in surveys?
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Which of the following best describes 'fence sitting' in survey responses?
Which of the following best describes 'fence sitting' in survey responses?
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What effect do leading questions typically have on survey results?
What effect do leading questions typically have on survey results?
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Which response pattern is characterized by individuals consistently agreeing with every survey item?
Which response pattern is characterized by individuals consistently agreeing with every survey item?
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What can be a consequence of question order in surveys?
What can be a consequence of question order in surveys?
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What is observer reactivity in psychological research?
What is observer reactivity in psychological research?
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What is a biased sample most likely to result in?
What is a biased sample most likely to result in?
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Which sampling method involves selecting individuals from specific demographic groups and then randomly choosing from those groups?
Which sampling method involves selecting individuals from specific demographic groups and then randomly choosing from those groups?
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What is the role of a confound in a research study?
What is the role of a confound in a research study?
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What distinguishes random assignment from random sampling?
What distinguishes random assignment from random sampling?
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In a repeated measures design, what is a primary concern that researchers must address?
In a repeated measures design, what is a primary concern that researchers must address?
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What does an effect size of 0.50 indicate in research?
What does an effect size of 0.50 indicate in research?
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What is the main purpose of oversampling in research?
What is the main purpose of oversampling in research?
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Which of the following best describes systematic sampling?
Which of the following best describes systematic sampling?
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What does the term 'cross-lag correlation' relate to in research?
What does the term 'cross-lag correlation' relate to in research?
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In which sampling method are participants asked to refer others for the study?
In which sampling method are participants asked to refer others for the study?
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Which of the following is true regarding within-groups design?
Which of the following is true regarding within-groups design?
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What does a mediating variable in research indicate?
What does a mediating variable in research indicate?
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What is the primary concern with self-selection in research?
What is the primary concern with self-selection in research?
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Study Notes
Question Types in Research
- Open-ended questions: Allow respondents to answer freely, providing rich detail. These are less efficient due to needing categorization and coding.
- Forced-choice questions: Respondents select the best option from a predefined set, often used for preferences or contemporary issues.
- Likert scales: Respondents rate agreement with a statement on a scale, e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree.
- Semantic differential format: Respondents rate a target object on a numeric scale anchored by opposing adjectives, e.g., good-bad, strong-weak.
- Leading questions: Phrased to elicit a specific response.
- Double negatives: Questions with two negatives can confuse respondents, negatively impacting construct validity.
Survey Design Considerations
- Question order: Early questions can influence later responses.
- Response set: (Non-differentiation): Respondents consistently answer similarly to all questions.
- Yea-saying/Acquiescence: Respondents tend to agree with all items, regardless of content.
- Nay-saying: Respondents tend to disagree with all items, regardless of content.
- Fence sitting: Respondents choose middle options, particularly with controversial items.
- Social desirability bias: Respondents may answer dishonestly to avoid appearing socially undesirable.
Observer Bias and Effects
- Observer bias: Observer expectations influence interpretation of outcomes.
- Observer effects: Participant behavior adapts to match observer expectations.
- Reactivity: Participants change behavior when aware of observation.
Sampling Methods
- Population: All people or products of interest.
- Sample: A smaller group from the population.
- Biased/Unrepresentative sample: Certain population members are more likely to be selected.
- Unbiased/Representative sample: All members have an equal chance of selection.
- Convenience sampling: Selecting readily available participants.
- Self-selection: Participants volunteer.
- Probability sampling: Every member has an equal chance of selection.
- Simple random sampling: Randomly selecting participants, like drawing names from a hat.
- Cluster sampling: Selecting whole groups (clusters) randomly.
- Multistage sampling: Combining cluster and random sampling.
- Stratified random sampling: Random selection within pre-defined demographics.
- Oversampling: Overrepresenting one or more groups.
- Systematic sampling: Using a random number generator to select participants at intervals.
- Quota sampling: Similar to stratified sampling, but not a random selection.
- Snowball sampling: Participants refer others.
- Purposive sampling: Recruiting specific participants.
Effect Sizes and Correlation
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Effect size: Strength of association; larger values indicate more accurate predictions.
- Values of 0.10 or -0.10 are weak; 0.30 or -0.30 are moderate; and 0.50 or -0.50 are strong.
- Construct and statistical validity: Important factors when evaluating association claims.
- Moderating variable: The relationship between two variables changes with a third variable.
- Cross-sectional correlations: Correlation of two variables measured simultaneously.
- Autocorrelations: Correlation of one variable with itself at different time points.
- Cross-lag correlations: Correlation between an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another (best for temporal precedence).
- Third variable problem: A possible third variable explaining the correlation between two variables.
- Multiple regression statistics: Beta and significance values assess associations.
- Mediating variable: A variable that explains the relationship between other variables.
Experimental Design
- Experiment: Manipulating a variable to measure its effect.
- Independent variable: Variable that's manipulated.
- Dependent variable: Variable affected by the independent variable.
- Control variables: Variables held constant.
- Confound: Alternative explanations for results (threat to internal validity).
- Selection effects: Participant differences systematically affecting the independent variable groups.
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Independent groups design: Different groups experience different levels of the independent variable.
- Posttest-only design: Random assignment, single dependent variable measure.
- Pretest-posttest design: Random assignment, dependent variable measured before and after.
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Within-groups design: Same group experiences all levels of the independent variable.
- Concurrent measures design: All levels of IV presented simultaneously.
- Repeated measures design: Dependent variable measured multiple times.
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Carryover effects: An effect from one condition affecting another.
- Practice effects: Changes in performance due to repetition.
- Counterbalancing: Presenting conditions in various orders to minimize order effects.
- Order effects: The order of conditions impacting participant responses.
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Description
Explore the various types of questions used in research, such as open-ended and Likert scale questions. Understand design considerations like question order and response bias. This quiz will test your knowledge of effective research survey techniques.