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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of a research question?
What is the purpose of a research question?
To keep you on track and provide the main question that your paper will answer.
What is the purpose of a thesis statement?
What is the purpose of a thesis statement?
To prove the thesis written at the end of the introduction.
What are examples of key themes?
What are examples of key themes?
- theory (correct)
- hypothesis (correct)
- point of view (correct)
- opinion (correct)
A research paper should be written in a professional and formal tone.
A research paper should be written in a professional and formal tone.
What are some examples of things that are used to achieve continuity in presenting ideas?
What are some examples of things that are used to achieve continuity in presenting ideas?
What are some things to avoid when writing a research paper?
What are some things to avoid when writing a research paper?
It is important to avoid redundancy in writing.
It is important to avoid redundancy in writing.
It's important to be cautious about making general statements in your writing.
It's important to be cautious about making general statements in your writing.
An abstract provides a summary of the research paper.
An abstract provides a summary of the research paper.
The abstract should be written before you write the rest of the research paper.
The abstract should be written before you write the rest of the research paper.
The abstract should be complete and informative.
The abstract should be complete and informative.
The abstract should be specific and self-sufficient.
The abstract should be specific and self-sufficient.
The abstract should be a part of the paper that reports what you did and what you found in the research.
The abstract should be a part of the paper that reports what you did and what you found in the research.
The abstract should be a roadmap that helps the reader to understand what is included in the research paper.
The abstract should be a roadmap that helps the reader to understand what is included in the research paper.
The abstract should provide a description of sources used in the research.
The abstract should provide a description of sources used in the research.
Identifying keywords is a crucial step in searching for relevant sources.
Identifying keywords is a crucial step in searching for relevant sources.
The “NOT” operator excludes any sources that include a particular keyword.
The “NOT” operator excludes any sources that include a particular keyword.
When searching for relevant sources, it is important to consider whether they are accurate, relevant, authoritative, current, and objective.
When searching for relevant sources, it is important to consider whether they are accurate, relevant, authoritative, current, and objective.
Primary sources provide original work, while secondary sources offer interpretations, analyses, and summaries of primary sources.
Primary sources provide original work, while secondary sources offer interpretations, analyses, and summaries of primary sources.
Tertiary sources offer brief overviews or summaries of information, often drawing from secondary and primary sources.
Tertiary sources offer brief overviews or summaries of information, often drawing from secondary and primary sources.
Tertiary sources can be considered to be reliable because they summarize original research.
Tertiary sources can be considered to be reliable because they summarize original research.
You should use evidence to support your claims and arguments in a research paper.
You should use evidence to support your claims and arguments in a research paper.
It is important to maintain a neutral tone when reporting evidence from sources.
It is important to maintain a neutral tone when reporting evidence from sources.
Paraphrasing involves using your own words to express someone's ideas in a clear and concise way.
Paraphrasing involves using your own words to express someone's ideas in a clear and concise way.
Paraphrasing should be used thoughtfully and critically to ensure that you are not accidentally plagiarizing.
Paraphrasing should be used thoughtfully and critically to ensure that you are not accidentally plagiarizing.
Plagiarism occurs when you represent other people's work as your own.
Plagiarism occurs when you represent other people's work as your own.
It's important to understand and apply the APA style guidelines for formatting your paper.
It's important to understand and apply the APA style guidelines for formatting your paper.
The introduction of a research paper should clearly state the research question and provide necessary background information.
The introduction of a research paper should clearly state the research question and provide necessary background information.
The literature review should only list key findings and issues of other researchers.
The literature review should only list key findings and issues of other researchers.
The introduction should include a brief overview of how the research paper will be structured.
The introduction should include a brief overview of how the research paper will be structured.
The methodology section details the methods used to collect and analyze data in the research.
The methodology section details the methods used to collect and analyze data in the research.
The results section presents the key findings of your research, but it should not include any interpretation or analysis of the results.
The results section presents the key findings of your research, but it should not include any interpretation or analysis of the results.
The discussion section integrates the results of your research with existing literature and offers an interpretation of the findings.
The discussion section integrates the results of your research with existing literature and offers an interpretation of the findings.
The conclusion section provides a summary of the key findings and reiterates the main points of the research, but it should not introduce any new information.
The conclusion section provides a summary of the key findings and reiterates the main points of the research, but it should not introduce any new information.
The appendix should be used to provide extra information that is not essential to the main body of the text.
The appendix should be used to provide extra information that is not essential to the main body of the text.
Each source cited in the references list must be cited within the text of the research paper.
Each source cited in the references list must be cited within the text of the research paper.
The references list contains all the sources that were used in the research paper, including sources that were not directly cited.
The references list contains all the sources that were used in the research paper, including sources that were not directly cited.
An appendix can be used to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular topic in the research paper.
An appendix can be used to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular topic in the research paper.
Flashcards
Research Question
Research Question
A specific question that guides your research and provides the main answer in your paper.
Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement
A concise and focused statement that expresses the main argument or claim of your research paper.
Continuity in Presenting Ideas
Continuity in Presenting Ideas
The flow of ideas in your writing, making it clear and easy to follow.
Smoothness of Expression
Smoothness of Expression
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Professional Tone
Professional Tone
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Economy of Expression
Economy of Expression
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Precision & Clarity
Precision & Clarity
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Cautious Language
Cautious Language
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Abstract
Abstract
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Finding & Evaluating Sources
Finding & Evaluating Sources
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Conducting a Search
Conducting a Search
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Evaluating Sources
Evaluating Sources
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CRAAP Test
CRAAP Test
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CAFÉ Method
CAFÉ Method
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Literature Review
Literature Review
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Development of a Literature Review
Development of a Literature Review
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Organizing a Literature Review
Organizing a Literature Review
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Quotation
Quotation
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Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism
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Introduction
Introduction
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Literature Review
Literature Review
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Methodology
Methodology
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Results
Results
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Discussion
Discussion
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Conclusion
Conclusion
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References
References
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Appendix
Appendix
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Study Notes
Planning a Research Project
-
Getting Started:
- Choose a topic
- Narrow it down
- Draft your research question
-
Finding & Evaluating Sources:
- Locate & evaluate sources
- Take notes
- Outline
-
Writing the Research Paper:
- Draft the paper
- Correctly document
- Revise, edit, proofread
Research Question
- Not actually written in paper
- Keeps you on track with main question
- Provides answer
Thesis Statement
- Helps identify key themes, hypothesis, theory
- Narrows down topic
- Explains the opinion, point of view, or argument
Research Paper Writing Style
- Professional & Formal Tone
- Avoid ambiguity, irrelevancies, abandoning an argument before finishing it, and sudden shifts in tone
- Use punctuation marks, transitional words, pronouns, and time links
- Use cause-effect links, addtional links, and contrast links to organize literature review and results
Economy of Expression
- Avoid redundancy and unnecessary words
- State only the necessary information
- Use precision and clarity
- Avoid ambiguity and colloquialisms
Evaluating Information
- Use CRAAP Test to evaluate the credibility of sources.
- Currency: Timeliness of information
- Relevance: Importance of information to your needs
- Authority: Credibility and expertise of the source
- Accuracy: Reliability and truthfulness of provided information
- Purpose: Reason the information exists
- Use CAFE advice to adapt the format of your register to your audience
How to Evaluate Sources
- Quality of source and writer qualifications
- Bias in claims, vague references, unidentified studies, and "well-known information"
- Appropriateness of source for your purpose and audience
- Misrepresentation, twists, invented data, and opponent sayings
Internet Sources
- Identify author or contact person
- Date of creation and revision
- Identify the source's URL (web address)
- Link to home page and institution
- Purpose of information
- Classify sources as commercial, educational, government, or international organization
The Purpose of a Literature Review
- Describe the relationship between each source and information
- Identify new ways to interpret prior research
- Reveal gaps in work
- Resolve conflicts between previous studies
- Identify areas for your own research, in context of previous research
Development of a Literature Review
- Problem Formulation: Identify the topic being examined
- Literature Search: Find relevant material
- Data Evaluation: Determine how this information contributes to understanding of topic
- Analysis & Interpretation: Discuss findings and conclusions
Organizing the Literature Review
- Chronology of events and publications
- Methodology
- Themes
- Current situation
- Questions for further research
Common Mistakes in Literature Review
- Sources don't relate to the problem
- Don't take time to identify most relevant sources
- Relying on secondary analytical sources
- Accepting another researcher's findings without critiquing
- Not describing the search procedure
- Only including information that validates and doesn't consider alternative interpretations
Outline
- Jotted outline: A sketch of an outline
- Major points: A list of major points
- Working outline: An expanded and divided into subtopics
Quoting
- Used to avoid plagiarism
- Use effectively in your writing
- Avoid excessive quoting (more than 25% of paper): it lacks your unique contribution
- Ensure quotations are grammatically correct.
- Provide context and setting information
Integrating Quotations
- Ensure the quotation fits your grammar, style, and logic
- Be careful: Quotation sources words can be open to different interpretations
- Paraphrase challenging passages
- Using ellipsis or adding words, phrases in bracket to enhance the meaning
- Make quotations more concise and focused
Reporting Verbs
- Improve integration of quotations and summarization
- Implies author position and view of the information
- May give an impression of neutrality
Paraphrasing
- Rewriting information in your own words
- Legitimate way to express borrowed source ideas
- Avoid plagiarism
- Vary syntax and vocabulary
- Effectively present the original information's full meaning.
Ways to Paraphrase
- Use synonyms for non-key words
- Change parts of speech (e.g., singular to plural, verbs, personal to impersonal)
- Reverse the order of ideas.
Plagiarism
- Borrowing someone's work without proper citation
- Using phrases/ideas without citing the source
- Turn in previously submitted work for another class
Research Paper Structure APA Style
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Appendix (Optional)
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