40 Questions
Which of the following groups of people are considered vulnerable research subjects?
Children, geriatric clients, mentally ill, unconscious, and sedated patients
What is the central purpose of informed consent?
To respect and promote a person's autonomy
What does confidentiality refer to in research?
The ability to keep data sources protected
What is the researcher's responsibility in the research setting?
To provide adequate information to staff members involved in the study
Why may individuals with lower education levels need more help in understanding informed consent?
Because they may need more explanations due to limited education
Why are clinical research studies on children, prisoners, and mentally deficient patients considered unethical?
Because obtaining voluntary consent from them is difficult
Who should provide informed consent for children, prisoners, and mentally deficient patients?
The legal guardian or representative
What is the purpose of the agency's review system?
To ensure the study's risks and benefits are balanced
What is the primary goal of the research process?
To empower participants with knowledge, skills and positive attitude toward research process
What is the first step in the research process?
Problem identification
What is the primary aim of the conceptual phase of research?
To prepare a general plan of real research
What is one of the factors that affect researcher decision?
Researcher's experience
What is the final step in the research process?
Solve problem
What is the purpose of the research process?
To develop and express research ideas
What is the research process?
A step-by-step process involving identifying, locating, assessing, and analyzing research questions
What is one of the objectives of this lecture?
To define the process of research
What is the primary goal of selecting a research problem that is solvable?
To ensure that the results generated are of more use
What should a researcher consider when selecting a research problem?
The researcher's field of interest
What is the first step in formulating a research problem?
Selecting a broad research area
What is the purpose of reviewing literature in research?
To know what has already been done in the selected area of research
What is the outcome of reviewing nursing theories in research?
To plan a research problem to contribute towards testing or development of a theory or conceptual model
What is the purpose of delimiting the research topic?
To clearly identify variables, population, and setting of research study
What is evaluated in the last step of formulating a research problem?
The research problem's significance, research ability, and feasibility
Why is it important to ensure that a research problem is solvable?
To avoid wasting time and resources on an impossible problem
What is the primary goal of non-experimental research design?
To provide an accurate description of the phenomenon
What is the main purpose of univariant descriptive design?
To describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon
Which type of research design is used to investigate a phenomenon and its related factors?
Exploratory descriptive design
What is the primary goal of comparative descriptive design?
To compare the occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more groups
What is the outcome of qualitative research?
To improve conceptualization
What is the main characteristic of non-experimental research design?
It occurs in a natural setting without imposing control or manipulation
What is the primary purpose of descriptive research design?
To provide an accurate description of the phenomenon
What is the main difference between univariant and exploratory descriptive design?
Univariant describes the frequency of occurrence, while exploratory investigates the phenomenon
What is the primary sampling unit in cluster sampling?
Cluster consisting of a group with the same characteristics
What is a major disadvantage of cluster sampling?
It tends to contain more sampling errors
What is a characteristic of non-probability sampling methods?
The elements are chosen by non-random methods
What is a bias of non-probability samples?
Subjects are not typical of the population
What is accidental or convenient sampling?
A type of non-probability sampling method
What is the advantage of judgement or purposive sampling?
The researcher can select elements based on personal judgement
What is the purpose of data analysis in research?
To extract meaningful information from the data
What is the relationship between the sample size and the sampling error?
The larger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error
Study Notes
Research Process
- Research process is a step-by-step process involving identifying, locating, assessing, and analyzing the research question, then developing and expressing ideas to find answers and choosing tasks and ways to carry them out.
- Factors affecting research process: researcher beliefs, researcher experience, ethical considerations, and resources.
Phases of Research Process
- A. Conceptual phase: preparing a general plan of real research, including formulating the problem.
- Phases of research process: conceptual, design, implementation, and analysis.
Formulation of Research Problem
- Selection of a research area: formulate a research problem by selecting a broad research topic from personal experience, literature, previous research, and theories in which the researcher is interested and has significance for the nursing profession.
- Reviewing literature and theories: reviewing nursing literature and theories to know what has already been done in the selected area of research.
- Delimiting the research topic: specifying variables, population, and setting of research study.
- Evaluating the research problem: evaluating the research problem for significance, researchability, and feasibility.
Outcome of Qualitative Research
- Improve conceptualization by identifying categories and themes.
- Non-experimental research design: descriptive, comparative, and exploratory designs.
Sampling
- Cluster sampling: primary sampling unit is the cluster, which consists of a group with the same characteristics.
- Advantages of cluster sampling: economical and practical, particularly when the population is large and widely differentiated.
- Disadvantages of cluster sampling: tends to contain more sampling errors than simple or stratified random sampling.
- Non-probability sampling methods: subjects are chosen by non-random methods, and every element of the target population does not have a chance of being selected.
- Biases of non-probability samples: subjects not typical of population, easily manipulated, and biased toward well-known population members.
- Types of non-probability sampling methods: accidental or convenient sampling, judgment or purposive sampling.
Data Analysis
- Definition: data analysis is the process of transforming data into knowledge.
- Purpose of research data analysis: to describe, explore, or explain phenomena, and to make predictions or recommendations.
- Principles of data analysis: accuracy, completeness, reliability, validity, and relevance.
- Process of data analysis: data preparation, data description, data transformation, and data interpretation.
Evaluate the research process in nursing, understand its principles, methods, and applications in practice. Learn how to critique and utilize research findings effectively.
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