29 Questions
What is the term for the phenomenon where extremely high scores become lower and extremely low scores become higher during post-testing?
Statistical Regression
What type of bias occurs when participants are chosen for different treatment groups based on different criteria?
Selection Bias
What is the term for the differential loss of participants from various comparison groups in an experiment?
Mortality/Attrition
What is an example of a participant effect as an extraneous variable?
All of the above
What occurs when experimental groups are selected and are maturing at different rates?
Selection by maturation interaction
Why may the scores of extremely heavy smokers, selected for education to reduce smoking, change during post-testing?
Due to Statistical Regression
What is the purpose of matching by holding confound variables constant in a study?
To eliminate the effect of a confounding variable on the outcome
In which areas of psychology is survey method almost never used?
Cognitive psychology or psychophysics
What is the goal of matching by equating participants in a study?
To eliminate the effect of extraneous variables on the outcome
What is a major limitation of the non-equivalent control group design?
The groups are not equivalent, which can lead to confounding variables
What is one of the strengths of survey method?
It can be used to predict behaviour
What is a limitation of mail survey?
The return rate is usually low
What is an example of an extraneous variable that might need to be controlled for in a study on TV violence?
Age
What is the purpose of pretesting in the non-equivalent pretest-posttest design?
To measure the dependent variable
Which type of survey is most useful when a researcher needs to use a larger sample and/or the questionnaire is lengthy?
Mail survey
What is the purpose of building the extraneous variable into the study design?
To isolate the effect of the extraneous variable from the other independent variables
In the non-equivalent control group design, what is the effect of stress management on hypertensive patients an example of?
A quasi-experiment
What is a major difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment?
The use of random assignment
Why is it important to control for extraneous variables in a study?
To ensure a more accurate comparison between groups
What is a limitation of group administration?
Participants may not treat the questionnaire with the seriousness
What is a potential problem with the non-equivalent pretest-posttest design?
Differences between the groups may be due to initial differences
What is an advantage of internet survey?
The researcher can reach a large number of potential participants
Why is the non-equivalent control group design similar to the true experiment posttest-only design?
Both designs measure the dependent variable only once
What is the major variable in Developmental Research Designs?
Age
What is the primary advantage of Cross-Sectional Study?
It can be conducted quickly and easily
What is the key limitation of Cross-Sectional Study?
Participants who are tested are of different cohorts
What is the primary characteristic of a Longitudinal Study?
A single group of participants is followed over a period of time
What is a common example of a study using a Cross-Sectional design?
Investigating how intelligence varies with age by testing participants of different ages
What do Longitudinal Studies generally consider more effective than Cross-Sectional Studies?
Studying participants over a long period of time
Learn about the testing effect, where assessing aggression leads to awareness of one's own aggression, and statistical regression, where extreme scores tend to move towards the mean during post-testing. Understand the concepts and their implications in research studies.
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