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Research Methods in Statistics

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes nominal variables from ordinal variables?

Nominal variables measure distances between categories, while ordinal variables do not.

Nominal variables can be ranked, while ordinal variables cannot.

Nominal variables are always numeric, while ordinal variables are always non-numeric.

Nominal variables consist of categories that have no relation, while ordinal variables can be ranked. (correct)

Which statement best describes causation?

Causation happens when one variable causes a change in another. (correct)

Causation refers to any observed relationship between variables.

Causation occurs when two variables are correlated.

Causation indicates a spurious relationship between variables.

What is a characteristic of a longitudinal study?

It provides a snapshot of different variables.

It assesses only expert opinions on the subjects.

It tracks changes in the same population over time. (correct)

It examines changes at a single moment in time.

Which type of analysis focuses on predicting future behavior based on message characteristics?

<p>Predictive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In research, what defines a trend study?

<p>Tracking changes in the same population across different time points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Variables

Nominal variables (Categorical variables): Categories have no inherent order or relationship.
Ordinal variables: Categories can be ranked, but the differences between ranks are not necessarily equal.
Interval/ratio variables: Units exist and distances between categories are identical.

Relationships Between Variables

Correlation: A relationship where variables change together.
Causation: One variable directly influences the change in another.
Spurious relationships: A relationship between two variables that appears to exist but is actually caused by a third factor.

Research Designs

Cross-sectional study: Observes a single point in time.
Longitudinal study: Tracks patterns over time.
Trend study: Tracks changes in a population over time.
Panel study: Follows the same individuals over time.

Research Objectives

Descriptive research: Describes characteristics of a message and its context.
Explanatory research: Investigates the meaning and impact of messages.
Predictive research: Forecasts future behavior based on messages.

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Description

Test your knowledge on different types of variables, their relationships, and various research designs. This quiz covers key concepts from descriptive research to longitudinal studies. Perfect for students in statistics or research methodology courses.