IPR revision (all notes)

What type of hypothesis predicts that there will be no effect or difference?

What is the term for the maximum acceptable probability of making a Type 1 error?

What does a p-value of 0.01 indicate?

What is the most common type of hypothesis used in research?

What is the effect of a confounding variable on a research study?

What is a longitudinal design?

What type of data has a meaningful zero?

What is a 'false positive' error in hypothesis testing?

What is the main purpose of the Chi-squared test?

What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a falsifiable hypothesis?

What is the statistical significance level generally set at?

What kind of research design is most suitable for establishing causal relationships?

What type of data has an order but no standardized difference between categories?

What does failing to reject the null hypothesis imply?

Which type of error occurs when we conclude that there is an effect when there is actually none?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the p-value?

What is the primary importance of using appropriate research methods in psychology?

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research method?

What does the term 'reliability' imply in psychological research?

Why is sample selection critical in psychological research?

Which of the following statements best describes ethical considerations in research?

What is a characteristic of a valid hypothesis?

Which of the following best describes bimodal distribution?

Why is the normal distribution important in hypothesis testing?

What does a testable hypothesis require?

Which statement about hypothesis testing is incorrect?

What describes a case study focused on unique or significant cases?

Which type of interview is characterized by open-ended questions and a natural conversation flow?

What is a major advantage of structured interviews?

What type of research involves the researcher participating in the environment being studied?

Which of the following imposes limitations due to predefined questions?

What is a notable disadvantage of unstructured interviews?

What does thematic analysis help identify?

What is a primary advantage of focus group interviews?

What is a key characteristic of content analysis?

Which research method has a primary focus on cultural immersion?

What is a common challenge associated with observational research?

What type of qualitative data is collected through existing documents and media?

What is a notable downside of conducting interviews for qualitative research?

Which type of interview combines elements of both structured and unstructured formats?

What does validity refer to in research measurement?

Which type of reliability assesses the degree of agreement among different raters?

What is one of the key ethical principles in research?

In qualitative research, which characteristic emphasizes understanding experiences from the participant's perspective?

Which method is NOT typically associated with qualitative research?

What does external validity refer to in research findings?

Which of the following is a potential threat to reliability in research?

Which aspect of qualitative research focuses on establishing patterns or themes within data?

What is the purpose of ethics committees in research?

Which of the following is NOT a type of qualitative research method?

What is the primary objective of thematic analysis?

Which aspect is NOT typically managed by an effective moderator during a focus group?

What differentiates narrative analysis from thematic analysis?

Which of the following is NOT a step in the six-step process of thematic analysis by Braun & Clarke?

What does discourse analysis primarily focus on?

What is triangulation in the context of observations?

In which type of analysis would one focus on the arrangement of words and the meaning conveyed?

What is the goal of grounded theory analysis?

Which of the following methods is typically used to encourage participation in focus groups?

What is the purpose of calculating expected frequencies in a chi-squared test?

In a chi-squared test, when is the null hypothesis rejected?

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for conducting a chi-squared test?

What type of errors does setting an alpha level help to minimize in hypothesis testing?

What is the formula for calculating expected frequencies in a contingency table?

Which software can be used to conduct a chi-squared test according to the content?

Which statement correctly describes the role of power in hypothesis testing?

What is the critical threshold value for p that typically indicates significance in hypothesis testing?

Which type of data is suitable for use in a chi-squared test?

What do observed values represent in a chi-squared test?

What type of chi-squared test is appropriate when analyzing one categorical variable?

Which condition must be met regarding expected frequencies for a chi-squared test to be valid?

In a chi-squared test, what does a larger chi-squared value indicate?

Which of the following is NOT an assumption for conducting a chi-squared test?

What type of table is used when conducting a chi-squared test of association?

For a chi-squared goodness of fit test, what should you do first to analyze the data?

Why is it important that the data used in a chi-squared test comes from random sampling?

What is the primary purpose of conducting a chi-squared test?

Which statement about the independence of observations in a chi-squared test is correct?

Which of the following is a requirement for a chi-squared test regarding categories?

What is the main purpose of using scientific methods in psychology?

Which type of research design focuses on manipulating variables to establish cause and effect?

What distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?

Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?

What does it mean to operationalize a variable in psychological research?

What is a key characteristic of descriptive methods in research?

Why is validity important in psychological research?

What role do control groups play in research studies?

Which sampling method gives every individual from the target population an equal chance of selection?

What is a characteristic of longitudinal designs in psychological research?

What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

Which statistical technique might be used to control for extraneous variables in research?

What is the significance of drawing conclusions about the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable?

What is a key focus of qualitative research methods?

Which method begins without preconceived categories during data collection?

What does thematic analysis primarily focus on?

What type of data includes distinct, separate values without any intermediate values?

What does Cohen’s kappa measure?

Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative analysis?

In the context of data types, which of the following is an example of ordinal data?

What is the primary aim of content analysis?

What is a characteristic of interval data?

Why can interval data not be used for certain comparisons?

Which principle can qualitative methods uncover that quantitative methods might miss?

Which of the following is an example of ratio data?

Which of the following is NOT a method of qualitative analysis?

What type of qualitative response methodology would be best for categorizing free text data from surveys?

What does a true zero indicate in ratio data?

Which data type is characterized by being collected at specific time intervals?

What is the focus of grounded analysis?

What statistical method is typically used to summarise characteristics of a dataset?

What can be used to generate new hypotheses in qualitative research?

In measures of central tendency, which measure is the least affected by outliers?

Which type of data is categorized but does not have a specific order?

What is the interquartile range (IQR)?

What does variance measure in a dataset?

What is the standard deviation in relation to variance?

Which statement best describes measures of dispersion?

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Which of the following is an example of cross sectional data?

Which of these characteristics is not associated with ratio data?

What is the primary purpose of calculating variance in a dataset?

Which function can be used in Excel to directly calculate variance?

Why is it essential to understand standard deviation along with variance?

In statistical analysis, what does a low variability imply?

What does the central limit theorem signify?

What is the shape of a normal distribution characterized by?

Which of the following accurately defines kurtosis?

What does a bimodal distribution indicate?

What is the primary concern when interpreting results from a high within-group variance?

When would the use of inferential statistics be most appropriate?

Why might data points not follow a normal distribution?

Which of the following is NOT a measure of dispersion?

What is the primary aim of conducting hypothesis testing in research?

What purpose do confidence intervals serve in statistical analysis?

Which of the following is NOT a benefit typically associated with correlational research designs?

What is a key distinction between when to use Pearson's r and Spearman's rho in correlational analyses?

In experimental design, what is the primary reason for randomly assigning participants to different conditions?

For a Chi-squared test of association, what descriptive calculation should be performed in JASP?

If a researcher violates several assumptions required for parametric tests, what type of test should they consider using?

In the context of hypothesis testing, what does a power of .80 generally indicate?

What is the primary purpose of using control groups in experimental designs?

What is indicated by a larger Chi-squared value in a Chi-squared test?

In a t-test, what does a larger t-value generally suggest?

What key step should be taken after collecting date to decide which statistical test to use?

What is the purpose of the Shapiro-Wilk test when conducting a t-test?

Which type of t-test is appropriate for comparing the means of two related groups?

When might you choose the Wilcoxon test instead of a t-test?

What does Cohen's d measure, and how is it interpreted?

In an independent samples t-test, what does the t-statistic primarily indicate?

When conducting an independent samples t-test with unequal group sizes, which adjustment is typically made to the variance calculation?

What does a non-significant result in the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality suggest when considering the assumptions of a t-test?

If the dependent variable (DV) in an independent samples design consists of ordinal data (e.g., Likert scale from 1-5), which test is most appropriate?

What is a critical assumption that must still be met when using non-parametric tests like the Mann-Whitney U test?

In the context of the Mann-Whitney U test, what does a 'low rank' generally indicate?

When tied values occur in a Mann-Whitney U test, how are ranks typically assigned to these values?

Beyond simply detecting a statistically significant difference, what additional information does Cohen's d provide when interpreting an independent samples t-test result?

When conducting an independent samples t-test in JASP, what condition regarding Levene's test result is preferred?

Which of the following actions should be taken when conducting a Mann-Whitney U test in JASP?

In JASP, what should you select under 'Statistics' when performing a Mann-Whitney U test, assuming the default settings?

When running an independent samples t-test, which assumptions are assessed?

In JASP, what type of data should be moved into the 'Variables' section when preparing for a Mann Whitney U test?

For what type of study design is a paired samples t-test most appropriate?

What is the purpose of creating a 'Difference' column in JASP when conducting a paired samples t-test?

What is the non-parametric equivalent to the paired samples t-test?

In the context of hypothesis testing, what does the t-statistic value represent?

Which information is NOT provided by the t-test?

What crucial assumption must be met even when using non-parametric tests like the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test?

When is it appropriate to consider using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test instead of a paired samples t-test?

What is the purpose of the Shapiro-Wilk test when conducting a paired samples t-test?

When conducting a paired samples t-test, in which situation might you consider changing the alternative hypothesis from the default?

When conducting a non-parametric test, which measure of central tendency should be reported?

Which of the following types of data is most appropriate for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test?

What is the purpose of the 't-test family decision tree' in the context of statistical analysis?

In what section of a research report is it appropriate to include an interpretation of the findings in relation to the research question and hypothesis?

When reporting the results of a statistical analysis in APA format, what information should NOT be included?

According to APA guidelines, what modifications should be made when copying descriptive tables and figures from statistical software into a research report?

Which test is suggested as an alternative to the paired samples t-test when dealing with ordinal data or when normality assumptions are not met?

In the context of hypothesis testing, what initial step should researchers take before selecting a specific test?

What information is crucial to include when describing the variables in a research report?

Why is it important to address the scale options when describing variables included questionnaires in a report?

What does reporting the 'line' of test results in APA style entail?

When interpreting an independent samples t-test, what measure should be reported to indicate the magnitude of the difference between the two groups?

How should negative values of Cohen’s d typically be reported and interpreted?

What is the Mann-Whitney U test used as an alternative to?

In which situation would it be most appropriate to use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test?

Why is it important to conduct assumption checks, such as normality and variance tests, before performing a t-test?