Research Methods: Covert Participant Observation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern when it comes to the generalizability of insights gained from a particular group being studied?

External validity

What is the term for the ability of a research method to produce the same results when repeated by another researcher?

Reliability

Why do positivists reject participant observation as a research method?

Because it is considered an unsystematic method that cannot be replicated by other researchers.

What makes it difficult to compare participant observation studies with other research?

<p>The production of qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of participant observation studies?

<p>Lack of objectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may a sociologist conceal sensitive information in their research?

<p>Loyalty to the group or fear of reprisals</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do structured interviews increase reliability in research?

<p>By asking the same standard questions in the same way</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes William Whyte's participant observation method unique?

<p>It was dependent on his personal skills and characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of covert participant observation in terms of validity?

<p>The addition of a new member (the researcher) can still change the group's behaviour, thus reducing validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult for researchers to obtain informed consent in covert participant observation?

<p>Because the researcher's true identity and purpose cannot be revealed until after the study is completed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential moral dilemma for covert observers?

<p>Participating in immoral or illegal activities as part of their 'cover' role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of covert participant observation raised by critics like Patrick?

<p>Abandoning the group without explanation after the study is completed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential legal issue for covert observers?

<p>Witnessing illegal activities and having a duty to intervene or report them to the police.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do covert observers have to lie about their reasons for leaving the group?

<p>To maintain their cover and avoid revealing their true identity as researchers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical issue in covert participant observation?

<p>The deception of participants and the potential harm caused to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of covert participant observation?

<p>Observing natural behaviour without the Hawthorne Effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Whyte learn from observing, rather than conducting interviews?

<p>Answers to questions that he would not have had the sense to ask if he had been using interviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advice does Polsky offer to researchers conducting participant observation?

<p>Initially, keep your eyes and ears open but keep your mouth shut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What groups may be particularly suited to study through participant observation?

<p>Groups that are seen as deviant or disreputable by wider society, such as delinquent gangs, football hooligans, and drug users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may questionnaires be ineffective in studying certain groups?

<p>Because these groups may see researchers as unwelcome representatives of authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Aaron Cicourel's study?

<p>How police and probation officers categorise juveniles by making unconscious assumptions about whether they are criminal 'types'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would it be pointless to ask police and probation officers questions about their assumptions?

<p>Because they are unaware of their assumptions and may not be able to articulate them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of participant observation in studying certain groups?

<p>It allows researchers to build a rapport with the group and gain its trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using participant observation to study certain groups?

<p>It can provide a more accurate and nuanced understanding of the group's behavior and attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of participant observation, according to Cicourel?

<p>To observe the police directly in their work and get at their assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major practical disadvantage of participant observation?

<p>It is very time-consuming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skills are required for a researcher to conduct participant observation effectively?

<p>Observational and interpersonal skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a researcher's personal characteristics affect their ability to conduct participant observation?

<p>Personal characteristics such as age, gender, or ethnicity may restrict what kinds of groups can be studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some groups resist being studied through participant observation?

<p>They may have the power to make access difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups are often focused on in participant observation studies?

<p>Relatively powerless groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge that researchers may face when trying to access certain groups for participant observation?

<p>The group may not wish to be studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of covert participant observation?

<p>It can be personally stressful and demanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem with covert observation in research?

<p>It is unethical, immoral, or illegal because it involves obtaining information without the informed consent of the subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'life-world' refer to in the context of research?

<p>It refers to the way people live their daily lives and their values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of starting research with a specific hypothesis and pre-set questions?

<p>The researcher may miss important questions that are relevant to the subjects, but not considered important by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of participant observation in research?

<p>It allows the researcher to enter the situation with a relatively open mind and to discover new things as they arise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a theory to be 'grounded' in real life?

<p>It means that the theory is based on actual observations and experiences rather than preconceived notions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between participant observation and other research methods?

<p>Participant observation is a more flexible method that allows for changes in direction as new situations arise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the subjects' perspectives in research?

<p>Because the subjects may have different opinions about what is important, which may not be considered by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using participant observation to study a topic with little or no previous knowledge?

<p>It allows the researcher to explore the topic without preconceived notions and to discover new insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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