Research Methods and Statistics: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Research Methods and Statistics: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

  • Describing a phenomena (correct)
  • Proving or disproving theories
  • Predicting future outcomes
  • Associations between phenomena

    • Which type of statistics is used with categorical (nominal) data?

  • Means & standard deviations
  • T-tests
  • Frequencies & percentages (correct)
  • Correlation

    • What does inferential statistics involve?

  • Describing a phenomena
  • Predicting future outcomes
  • Presenting basic measurements
  • Making inferences about a phenomena (correct)

    • What measurements are typically presented using descriptive statistics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of logistic regression in statistics?

    <p>Predicting future outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of statistics is used for hypothesis testing?

    <p>Significance testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data can be displayed using a pie chart or frequency distributions table?

    <p>Interval/ratio data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inferential statistics use a sample of data to make predictions about larger populations or about unobserved/future trends. Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics tool?

    <p>Chi-square test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data can be converted into categorical data by grouping values together and then calculating frequencies and percentages for each group?

    <p>Interval/ratio data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is often normally distributed and forms a 'bell shaped' curve?

    <p>Interval/ratio level data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical tool is used when you want to know about the association or relationship between two continuous variables?

    <p>Correlation analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) range from?

    <p>-1 to +1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic categories of measures in descriptive statistics?

    <p>Measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and frequency distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of numerical variables in statistics?

    <p>Discrete and continuous variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of logistic regression in statistics?

    <p>To model the relationship between a binary dependent variable and one or more independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistics is used for hypothesis testing?

    <p>Inferential statistics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is bivariate analysis used in statistics?

    <p>To understand the association or relationship between two continuous variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of categorical variables in statistics?

    <p>Nominal and ordinal variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset called?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle value when the data are ordered from low to high?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean calculated on the data set with the top 5% and bottom 5% of values removed?

    <p>5 percent trimmed mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication of the expected error when estimating the population mean?

    <p>95% Confidence Interval for the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the average value of the data set?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is suitable for nominal data and above?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of data is the median suitable?

    <p>Ordinal levels of measurement and above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the 5 percent trimmed mean more resistant to outliers than the mean?

    <p>Top 5% and bottom 5% of values removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of data is the mean only truly applicable?

    <p>Interval and ratio data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle value when the data are ranked in ascending order?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Descriptive Statistics

    • The purpose of descriptive statistics is to summarize and describe the basic features of a dataset.
    • Descriptive statistics typically present measurements such as mean, median, mode, and range.

    Types of Data

    • Categorical (nominal) data is analyzed using non-parametric statistics.
    • Numerical variables in statistics are categorized into two types: discrete and continuous.
    • Categorical variables in statistics are categorized into two types: nominal and ordinal.

    Inferential Statistics

    • Inferential statistics involves using a sample of data to make predictions about larger populations or about unobserved/future trends.
    • Inferential statistics tools include logistic regression.
    • Inferential statistics is used for hypothesis testing.

    Data Analysis

    • Bivariate analysis is used when you want to know about the association or relationship between two continuous variables.
    • Pearson's r correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1.
    • Pie charts and frequency distributions tables are used to display categorical data.
    • Continuous data can be converted into categorical data by grouping values together and then calculating frequencies and percentages for each group.
    • Normally distributed data often forms a 'bell-shaped' curve.

    Measures of Central Tendency

    • The three basic categories of measures in descriptive statistics are measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and data distribution.
    • The mean is a measure of the average value of the data set.
    • The median is the middle value when the data are ordered from low to high.
    • The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
    • The trimmed mean is more resistant to outliers than the mean because it excludes the top 5% and bottom 5% of values.
    • The median is suitable for ordinal data and above.
    • The mean is only truly applicable for continuous data.

    Standard Error

    • The standard error is an indication of the expected error when estimating the population mean.

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    Description

    This quiz covers topics related to research methods and statistics, including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, correlation, t-tests, chi-square, logistic regression, frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, significance testing, and prediction.

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