Questions and Answers
Which of the following variables can be measured with any degree of exactness?
What is the key characteristic of discrete variables?
In Campbell and Stanley's experimental designs, what does 'O' represent?
Which symbols indicate that groups have been equated by randomization in experimental designs?
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What type of designs does Campbell and Stanley categorize as 'non-designs'?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a continuous variable?
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When 'X' and 'O' occur in vertical order to each other, what does this indicate?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of continuous variables?
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What is the main focus of developmental psychology?
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Which study design involves observing the same group of participants over multiple points in time?
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What is a disadvantage of longitudinal studies?
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What type of design collects data from a diverse group at a single point in time?
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Why are quasi independent variables considered as such?
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What advantage does longitudinal design provide researchers?
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Which of the following is a common issue faced by longitudinal studies?
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Cohort studies are primarily focused on which aspect?
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What distinguishes a Type E Independent Variable from a Type S Independent Variable?
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Which of the following is an example of a task variable?
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What is defined as the variable manipulated by the experimenter to produce observable changes?
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What do environmental variables include?
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Which type of variable unintentionally affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
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How are subject variables classified?
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Which statement best describes a task variable?
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In an experiment assessing teaching methods, what would be the dependent variable?
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What is an implication of environmental variables on behavioral measures?
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If a variable affects both the independent and dependent variables without being controlled, what is it known as?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental variable?
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In behavioral research, what are the terms 'dependent variable' and 'independent variable' borrowed from?
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Which term refers to the variables that explain the relationship between the cause and effect?
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Why is the concept of selection important for Type S Independent Variables?
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What characteristic is NOT owned by a dependent variable?
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What example illustrates an independent variable in an educational setting?
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What are situational relevant variables primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following best describes sequence relevant variables?
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What is the key difference between qualitative and quantitative variables?
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Which of the following variables is an example of a qualitative variable?
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What does counterbalancing help to control in experiments?
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How can variables be classified based on measurement types?
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Which of the following is a quantitative variable?
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Why is it important to control situational relevant variables in an experiment?
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Study Notes
Research Methodology Terminology
- Independent variables (IV) induce changes, while dependent variables (DV) are outcomes measured.
- Extraneous variables are unmeasured elements affecting cause-effect relationships.
- Intervening variables (or confounding variables) connect cause and effect.
Variable Classification
- IV and DV terms originate from mathematics, commonly used in experimental research.
- IV is manipulated to produce observable effects on the DV, linking prediction and experimentation.
Types of Independent Variables
- Type E IV: Directly manipulated by the experimenter.
- Type S IV: Manipulated through selection.
- IV can be categorized into:
- Task Variables: Features related to the behavioral task, such as apparatus characteristics.
- Environmental Variables: Factors outside the task impacting behavior, like noise and temperature.
- Subject Variables: Characteristics of participants affecting results, both natural and induced.
Sequence and Situational Relevant Variables
- Situational Relevant Variables: Controlled environmental/task variables to minimize unwanted effects on the DV.
- Sequence Relevant Variables: Impact of different experimental conditions related to order, controlled through counterbalancing.
Measurement Classification
- Variables can be categorized based on measurement units as:
- Qualitative Variables: Non-orderable categories (e.g., sex, race).
- Quantitative Variables: Orderable categories (e.g., intelligence, age).
Continuous and Discrete Variables
- Continuous Variables: Measurable to fine degrees (e.g., temperature, height).
- Discrete Variables: Clear gaps in values, cannot be measured in degrees (e.g., number of children in a family).
Experimental Designs by Campbell and Stanley
- Discussed 16 designs from weak to strong, employing symbols for representation:
- R: Random selection/assignment.
- X: Treatment variable.
- O: Observation or measurement.
- Temporal order indicated by horizontal arrangement of X and O; simultaneous instances displayed vertically.
Pre-Experimental Designs
- Non-experimental in nature, lacking control groups.
- Quasi-independent variables such as age studied through:
- Longitudinal Study: Observes the same group over time, tracking changes.
- Cross-Sectional Study: Data collected from diverse participants at one time.
- Cohort Study: Examines specific groups across different time points.
Longitudinal Design Benefits and Challenges
- Captures developmental changes and patterns over time.
- Allows detailed analysis of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral evolution.
- Challenges include resource intensity, potential participant withdrawal, and practice effects.
Cross-Sectional Design Overview
- Gathers data simultaneously from a varied participant group, facilitating comparisons across different segments at a single point in time.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key terms and concepts related to research methodology, particularly the definitions and implications of independent, dependent, extraneous, and intervening variables. Test your understanding of how these variables interact and influence research outcomes. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their research knowledge.
