Research Methodology Quiz

Study Notes

Quantitative research emphasizes accurate measurement and analysis, prioritizing proof over intuition.
Clearly defined research questions guide the study, with objectives set before data collection to ensure focus on measurable outcomes.
Structured instruments like questionnaires are used for gathering demographic data such as age, socio-economic status, and family size.
Numerical data is represented through figures, tables, or graphs, which help summarize findings and illustrate trends or relationships among variables.
Larger sample sizes increase research costs but provide more reliable data for analysis.

Various research designs can be employed, influenced by the research problem and objectives.
Quantitative methods are categorized into experimental and non-experimental research designs.

Experimental designs allow researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships by controlling external variables.
True experimental designs offer the highest internal validity and control over time-related threats.
Quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment but allow for greater data collection.
Pre-experimental designs, with the least internal validity, provide initial insights but are less reliable.

Non-experimental designs focus on observing and documenting phenomena without introducing external variables.
Descriptive research aims to capture a situation as it naturally occurs, often serving as a foundation for hypothesis generation.
Surveys provide quantitative descriptions of population trends, attitudes, or opinions through various data collection methods.
Correlational studies examine relationships between variables, utilizing correlation coefficients to measure associations.

Quantitative research methods are valuable in anthropology for studying ethnic behavior and cultural differences.
True experimental methods can investigate the effects of specific interventions within culturally diverse groups.
Research may include pre-test and post-test measurements to assess changes in behavior or attitudes following interventions.

The dependent variable is influenced by changes to the independent variable, such as how study habits affect academic performance.
Intervening (or mediating) variables illustrate how independent variables impact dependent variables through other influences, like education creating employment opportunities.
Control variables are measured for their potential effects on the dependent variable, ensuring thoroughness in analysis.

Higher education is an independent variable that may affect income levels (dependent variable).
Lack of access to healthcare can mediate the relationship between poverty (independent variable) and longevity (dependent variable).