Research Methodology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of ethnography as a research method?

  • Understanding behaviors and practices within a culture (correct)
  • Mathematical data analysis
  • Causal relationship testing
  • Expert consensus building

    • Which research method is best suited for exploring individual experiences and meanings?

  • Focus groups
  • Longitudinal studies
  • Phenomenology (correct)
  • Meta-analysis

    • Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with surveys?

  • They are time-consuming to conduct
  • Self-reported data may be biased (correct)
  • They can reach a large sample size
  • They provide detailed qualitative information

    • What is a characteristic of longitudinal studies?

    <p>Tracks changes over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method aims to engage participants in collaborative problem-solving?

    <p>Action research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a merit of historical research?

    <p>Limited generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source for developing a research topic?

    <p>Intuition or hunch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quality is essential for ensuring that a research study can be consistently reproduced?

    <p>Reliability/Reproducibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically considered when developing a research topic?

    <p>Personal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demerit of historical research relates to the influence of the time period on understanding findings?

    <p>Biased by historical context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demerit is associated with case studies?

    <p>Limited generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ethical concern when using artificial settings for research?

    <p>Artificial setting may not reflect real-life situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a demerit of content analysis?

    <p>In-depth, nuanced data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a merit of interviews?

    <p>They provide personal insights and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation found in case studies?

    <p>They may be biased by researcher's perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant advantage of observational research?

    <p>Behavioral data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which limitation is unique to correlational research?

    <p>Causality cannot be established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential ethical concern related to experimental design?

    <p>Informed consent issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a merit of observational research?

    <p>Contextual insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the third variable problem refer to in correlational research?

    <p>Confounding variables affecting the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable merit of using Delphi Techniques in research?

    <p>Expert consensus possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of Focus Groups?

    <p>Biased by group dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using Mixed Methods in research?

    <p>Triangulation of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation faced by Delphi Techniques?

    <p>Bias due to expert selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is commonly associated with Mixed Methods research?

    <p>Time-consuming and resource-intensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a research design in research methodology?

    <p>To outline the overall strategy and plan for a study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of research design focuses on the consistency and dependability of results?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a data collection method in research methodology?

    <p>Statistical analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is best suited for studying a relationship between two variables?

    <p>Correlational Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration when selecting a research design?

    <p>Researcher's familiarity with the design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ethical considerations in research methodology?

    <p>They help maintain participant confidentiality and informed consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept ensures that research findings can be repeated and verified by other researchers?

    <p>Reproducibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following designs is specifically an in-depth analysis of a single case?

    <p>Case Study Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ensuring objectivity in research design?

    <p>To minimize researcher bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data analysis method involves identifying patterns and themes within texts or visuals?

    <p>Content analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do case studies primarily emphasize in research?

    <p>In-depth exploration of a single case or a few cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is primarily used to test hypotheses through controlled conditions?

    <p>Experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of research findings?

    <p>Data quality control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of structured interviews?

    <p>They follow a predetermined set of questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of administration is NOT commonly used for questionnaires?

    <p>Video conferencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of question is NOT recommended for a good questionnaire?

    <p>Ambiguous questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interview format combines structured and open-ended questions?

    <p>Semi-structured interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which research field are interviews most commonly utilized?

    <p>Healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the validity and reliability of a questionnaire?

    <p>Logical question order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main advantage of face-to-face interviews compared to other methods is:

    <p>They can collect data from a large number of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome when conducting interviews?

    <p>Collecting rich, qualitative data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of field experiment design?

    <p>To observe actions in a real-world setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes quasi-experimental design?

    <p>Experiments that do not involve random assignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of intervention studies?

    <p>They manipulate one or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a non-intervention study?

    <p>Observational study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questionnaire allows respondents to answer on their own?

    <p>Self-administered questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of descriptive research compared to experimental research?

    <p>To summarize and describe phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes randomized controlled trials (RCT)?

    <p>They involve random assignment of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of questionnaires in research?

    <p>To gather data on people's beliefs and opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of research design in the research process?

    <p>To outline the plan for data collection and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT a key component of research design?

    <p>Conclusion synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be detailed in the research question of a research design?

    <p>The problem or hypothesis being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a 'sampling strategy' in research design?

    <p>The selection of participants and sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which setting is typically included in research design considerations?

    <p>Environmental conditions where research occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methodology

    • A systematic approach to conducting research, encompassing methods, techniques, and tools for data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
    • Includes research design, data collection methods (surveys, interviews, experiments, observations), data analysis methods (statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis), sampling strategy, data quality control, ethical considerations, and data interpretation and reporting.
    • Aims to ensure objectivity, neutrality, reliability, validity, generality, transferability, transparency, and reproducibility.
    • Improves research quality, minimizes errors and biases, enhances credibility, facilitates replication, and advances knowledge.

    Various Research Methods

    • Surveys: Questionnaires (online or paper-based) collecting self-reported data.
    • Experiments: Controlled studies testing hypotheses and manipulating variables.
    • Case studies: In-depth analysis of single or few cases.
    • Content analysis: Analyzing texts, images, or videos for patterns and themes.
    • Interviews: Conversations (in-person, phone, video) for qualitative data.
    • Observations: Participant, naturalistic, or structured observation of behaviors.
    • Correlational research: Analyzing relationships between variables.
    • Experimental design: Lab, field, or quasi-experiments.
    • Grounded theory: Developing theory from data collection and analysis.
    • Ethnography: Long-term cultural immersion to understand behaviors and practices.
    • Phenomenology: Exploring people's experiences and meanings.
    • Delphi technique: Expert panel surveys for consensus.
    • Focus groups: Group discussions for qualitative data.
    • Meta-analysis: Analyzing data from multiple studies.
    • Mixed methods: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches.
    • Action research: Collaborative problem-solving in real-world settings.
    • Historical research: Analyzing past events, documents, and artifacts.
    • Longitudinal studies: Tracking changes over time.
    • Cross-sectional studies: Comparing groups at a single point in time.
    • Quasi-experiments: Non-randomized experiments testing hypotheses.

    Research Method Merits and Demerits

    • Surveys: Cost-effective, large samples possible, generalizable results; but self-reported data may be biased, limited depth, low response rates.
    • Experiments: High internal validity, establishes causality, controlled environment; but artificial settings, ethical concerns, limited generalizability.
    • Case studies: In-depth understanding, rich data, contextual insights; but limited generalizability, researcher bias, resource-intensive.
    • Content analysis: Unobtrusive measurement, analyzes large datasets, objective coding; but context loss, coding biases, limited depth.
    • Interviews: In-depth data, personal insights, flexible questioning; (Demerits not listed).
    • Observations: Naturalistic setting, behavioral data, contextual insights; but observer bias, limited generalizability, ethical concerns.
    • Correlational research: Identifies relationships, large samples, generalizable results; but causality cannot be established, third variable problem, limited depth.
    • Experimental design: High internal validity, establishes causality, controlled environment; but artificial setting, ethical concerns.
    • Delphi technique: Expert consensus, anonymous responses, iterative refinement; but time-consuming, biased by expert selection, limited generalizability.
    • Focus groups: Group dynamics, rich qualitative data, cost-effective; but biased by group dynamics, limited depth, difficult to generalize.
    • Mixed methods: Comprehensive understanding, data triangulation, generalizable results; but time-consuming, researcher bias, limited depth.
    • Historical research: Understanding past events, contextual insights, rich data; but limited generalizability, biased by historical context, resource-intensive.

    Developing a Research Topic

    • Factors to consider: Interest, originality, scope, data accessibility, researcher ability.
    • Sources: Intuition, contemporary issues, knowledge gaps in previous work, replication of previous work, modification of past research.

    Qualities of Good Research

    • Internal and external validity, reliability/reproducibility, generalizability, originality, objectivity.

    Research Process Steps

    • Data collection, population description, research design, hypothesis creation.

    Research Design

    • Overall plan and strategy for conducting research. Includes research question, study type, sampling strategy, data collection and analysis methods, research setting, ethical considerations, and timeline.
    • Aims to ensure validity, reliability, generalizability, objectivity, and efficiency.
    • Choice depends on research questions, researcher knowledge, time, resources, and participant availability.
    • Common designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, case study, correlational, longitudinal, cross-sectional, mixed methods.

    Descriptive and Experimental Research Designs

    • Descriptive: Survey, correlational, case study, cross-sectional, observational.
    • Experimental: Laboratory, field experiment, quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), factorial design.

    Intervention and Non-intervention Studies

    • Intervention: Actively manipulating variables to observe effects (RCTs, experiments, pilot studies, evaluation studies).
    • Non-intervention: Observing and recording data without manipulation (observational studies, surveys, case studies, correlational studies).

    Questionnaires

    • Research instruments collecting data through questions. Can be self-administered or interviewer-administered. Used in surveys and polls. Should have clear, concise, relevant and specific questions; appropriate question types; logical order; and pilot testing. Can be administered via paper, online, telephone, or mobile devices.

    Interviews

    • Research method collecting data through conversational dialogue. Types include structured, semi-structured, unstructured, in-depth, focus group, telephone, video, and face-to-face. Used in marketing, journalism, human resources, education, and healthcare. Provide insights into personal experiences, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and emotions.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the systematic approaches used in research methodology, covering various methods for data collection and analysis. Learn about different research designs, including surveys, experiments, and case studies, while understanding ethical considerations and data quality control. This quiz will enhance your understanding of conducting high-quality research.

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