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Questions and Answers
Which type of variable is countable and has a finite number of values?
What is the main characteristic of quantitative research?
Which component includes the coverage of the study, research issues, and duration?
What type of research method primarily focuses on observing phenomena?
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Which term refers to a variable that mediates the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
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What is not a requirement when formulating hypotheses?
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Which element of the research framework describes the history and significance of a research problem?
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In the context of citing sources, what is required when dealing with six or more authors?
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What does the operational definition focus on in research?
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Which type of research seeks to establish cause-effect relationships?
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What is the purpose of formulating hypotheses in research?
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Factor-relating questions are primarily used in which type of research?
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What does a null hypothesis suggest?
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Which of the following best describes a conceptual definition?
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What is typically not appropriate for constructing a statement of the problem?
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In the example of a study on temperature's effect on plant pigmentation, what is the independent variable?
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Study Notes
Research Scope and Delimitations
- Specifies the study's coverage, subject, instruments, issues, and duration.
Research Types
- Descriptive: Observing phenomena.
- Correlational: Investigating variable relationships.
- Experimental: Examining cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables.
Hypotheses and Research Questions
- Hypotheses predict variable relationships and connect to the research problem.
- Factor-relating questions: Explore relationships among factors (non-experimental research).
- Factor-isolating questions: Isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations.
Defining Terms
- Conceptual definition: From dictionaries or encyclopedias (e.g., GPA as grade points earned divided by total credits).
- Operational definition: Concrete definition for measurement within the study.
Research Preparation
- Familiarize yourself with research terminology.
- Review existing research for relationships and relevance.
- Ensure research question accuracy and relevance.
Citations
- Use APA in-text citation style (e.g., (Jones, 1998, p. 199)).
Hypothesis Types
- Hypothesis: An educated guess.
- Null hypothesis: No significant difference or effect.
- Alternative hypothesis: A significant difference or effect.
Research Example: Effect of Temperature on Plant Pigmentation
- Independent variable: Temperature.
- Dependent variable: Plant pigmentation.
Important Note on Problem Statements
- Avoid including sub-problems, background, conclusions, implications, and recommendations in the problem statement.
Redundancy in Research Titles
- Avoid phrases like "An Analysis of," "An Investigation of," and "The Study of" as they are often redundant.
Extraneous Variables
- Also known as facilitating, mediating, or intervening variables.
Variable Types
- Discrete: Countable (e.g., cars, attendance).
- Continuous: Infinite (e.g., weight, height, price).
- Nominal: Unordered categories (e.g., business types, eye color).
- Ordinal: Ranked categories (e.g., clothing sizes).
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
- Objective, logical, and systematic.
Intervening Variables Example
- In a study on Koi fish survival, water, oxygen, and tank conditions are intervening variables.
Research Framework Components
- Statement of the problem: Contains specific research questions.
- Scope and delimitation: Includes location, respondents, and time.
- Research title: Summarizes the study’s main ideas.
- Research background: Provides historical context and background information.
Research Methods Summary
- Descriptive: Observing phenomena.
- Correlational: Studying variable relationships.
- Experimental: Examining cause-and-effect relationships.
- Conceptual framework: Explains key factors, concepts, or variables.
- Theoretical framework: Uses abstract concepts and relationships to explain and predict observations.
Hypothesis Formulation Guidelines
- Hypotheses should predict the relationship between the research problem and variables.
- A good research title is concise and clear.
- Poor research questions lack significance.
Additional Notes on Hypotheses and Research Discussion
- The CARS model helps structure problem discussion.
- Hypotheses should be declarative statements establishing logical relationships.
Citing Multiple Authors
- For articles with six or more authors, use the first author's name followed by "et al." in the citation.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of research methodology, including research scope, types, hypotheses, and definitions. It aims to enhance your understanding of how to design, conduct, and analyze research effectively. Test your knowledge on key concepts and terminologies that form the foundation of successful research practices.
