CRIM170 Research Methods Exam 1

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Questions and Answers

Most of what humans know about the world around us is based on:

  • Personal observation (correct)
  • Experimental testing
  • Theoretical assumptions
  • Informed consent

Which of the following choices is NOT commonly seen as an error of inquiry?

  • Overgeneralization
  • Detailed analysis (correct)
  • Inaccurate observations
  • Illogical reasoning

What does anonymity refer to in research?

  • Sharing results without identifying individuals
  • Protecting participants' identities from everyone, including researchers (correct)
  • Identifying participants through their responses
  • Providing participants with informed consent

Which method ensures that participants in a research project are not harmed?

<p>Informed consent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized purpose of research?

<p>Rhetoric (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What error was made when the professor concluded that the majority of students have a positive view of the president based on a class of 50 students?

<p>Over-generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes 'the science of finding out'?

<p>Methodology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves deciding how best to measure a concept in research?

<p>Operationalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a research proposal typically includes both a problem statement and context for the topic?

<p>Introduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the statement that 'sexual assault is limited to instances of unwanted or unsolicited vaginal penetration by a male perpetrator,' what process has been performed?

<p>Operationalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What variable is known to cause a change in another variable?

<p>Independent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable is the primary focus of a study and is influenced by different conditions?

<p>Dependent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a situation where two variables are related to each other?

<p>Correlation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers consider regarding participant deception in studies?

<p>It may be permissible in certain circumstances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Institutional Review Board (IRB) primarily aim to protect?

<p>Human Subjects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the shared understanding of reality based on social agreements?

<p>Agreement reality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common error of inquiry that is NOT recognized in scientific research?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method ensures that participants cannot be identified by their responses?

<p>Anonymity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method that ensures research participants are not harmed and their participation is voluntary?

<p>Informed consent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is most effective at answering questions about how and why phenomena occur?

<p>Qualitative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a variable that generally causes a change in another variable?

<p>Independent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable is the primary focus of study and is often manipulated in an experiment?

<p>Independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the relationship between two variables?

<p>Correlation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an independent variable?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

<p>To protect human subjects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept encompasses the accumulation of knowledge in various scientific fields?

<p>Epistemology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Should researchers ever consider deceiving participants in their studies?

<p>Deception may be ethically acceptable in certain situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred research method for analyzing the frequency of drug crimes?

<p>Quantitative research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what's Grounded theory

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what's Ethnomethodology

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Content Analyses

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What's coding in research methods?

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Utility of Content Analyses

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Comparative and Historical Research

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What characterizes unobtrusive research?

<p>It relies on existing data or artifacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of unobtrusive research?

<p>It ensures participant availability is not an issue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of unobtrusive research?

<p>Data may not be relevant for the current study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology involves analyzing historical documents as a form of unobtrusive research?

<p>Historical research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical consideration for unobtrusive research?

<p>Ensuring participants remain anonymous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Overgeneralization

Assuming a pattern based on a small sample, rather than considering the whole population.

Epistemology

The study of how we know what we know. Involves asking questions about the nature of knowledge.

Operationalization

Defining abstract concepts into measurable variables. It's bridging the gap between theory and reality.

Problem Statement

A formal statement outlining the research problem, its significance, and research goals. It provides context and sets the stage for the study.

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Conceptualization

A process of clarifying the meaning of a concept by defining its boundaries and dimensions. It sets the stage for measurement.

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Agreement Reality

The shared understanding of reality that is based on what we have been told by others, like family, friends and the media.

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Qualitative Research

A type of research that focuses on understanding social phenomena through observation and interpretation, often using interviews, focus groups, and field notes.

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Informed Consent

Making sure participants are not harmed, that their participation is voluntary and that they understand the risks and benefits of the study.

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Quantitative Research

A research approach that emphasizes observation and analysis of patterns in data, such as conducting surveys or experiments.

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Confidentiality

A study where the researchers, but not necessarily the reader, can't link survey responses to individuals.

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Independent Variable

A variable that is intentionally manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable. It's the cause or influence in a study.

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Dependent Variable

A variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable. It's the effect or outcome in a study.

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Correlation

A statistical relationship between two or more variables where a change in one is associated with a change in the other. This doesn't mean one causes the other, just that they are related.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A research ethics board that reviews and approves research involving human subjects to ensure ethical treatment and protection of participants.

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Ontology

The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of reality and existence.

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Unobstructive Research

A type of research that minimizes disruption to its subjects and their environment, prioritizing natural observation and avoiding interventions that could alter the phenomenon under study.

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Unobstructive Research Methods

Unobstructive research methods gather data without directly interacting with or influencing the participants or their environment.

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Secondary Data Analysis

A key feature of unobstructive research where researchers focus on existing information and data collected by others.

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Content Analysis

Analyzing artifacts, documents, and physical objects to understand past events and social interactions.

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Ethnographic Observation

A method for understanding social patterns and behaviors by visually examining spaces and places.

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Study Notes

Exam Errors in Human Inquiry

  • Most of what humans know about the world around them is based on personal observation
  • Common errors in inquiry include inaccurate observations, overgeneralization, illogical reasoning, selective observation, and overgeneralization.
  • A common error of inquiry is assuming that what we observe is a common error; that one person's opinion or experience in the world is true for everyone

Situations Where Researchers Can't Identify Respondents

  • A situation in which neither researchers nor readers can identify respondents using the responses provided by them is called anonymity.

Research Method to Ensure Voluntary Participation

  • Informed consent is a method for ensuring participants are not harmed and that their participation is voluntary. This involves gaining consent, compensation, or debriefing.

Types of Research Best for Questions Involving "How" and "Why"

  • Qualitative research is typically best to answer questions involving the "how" and "why."
  • Quantitative research is best suited for studying relationships between variables.

Purposes of Research That Don't Incluce Ideology

  • Ideology is NOT a purpose of research.

Defining Variables or Concepts

  • Operationalization involves specifying the meanings of concepts and variables.

Research Methods

  • Quantitative research investigates relationships between variables.
  • Qualitative research studies how individuals perceive the world.
  • Quantitative research is best suited for finding an answer to the question, "Where do drug crimes occur most frequently?"

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