10 Questions
In non-therapeutic research, who may unexpectedly benefit?
People other than the research participant
What is the aim of therapeutic research?
To benefit the individual research participant
What characterizes intervention research?
Always invasive and involves risks
How was research characterized before the 19th century?
Small scale and largely therapeutic in intent
What is true about observation research?
Can be non-invasive and involve no risks
Which ethical issue was prevalent in many research studies during the 1700s, as per the text?
Deception
What is an example of unethical research, as mentioned in the text?
Injecting subjects with bacillus without informed consent
In the freezing experiments conducted during World War II, what was learned about lowering the body temperature to death?
Using icy vat of water for rapid temperature drop
What was a common method used in Nazi medical experiments to test immunization for malaria?
Infecting subjects with mosquitoes carrying malaria
What did Johann Jorg do as part of early medical experimentation, as mentioned in the text?
Swallowed 17 drugs in various doses
Study Notes
Early Human Subject Experiments
- Vaccination trials were conducted in the 1700s, with physicians using themselves or their family members as test subjects.
- Edward Jenner tested smallpox vaccines on his son and neighborhood children.
- Johann Jorg swallowed 17 drugs in various doses to record their properties.
Ethical Issues in Early Research
- Lack of informed consent was a common issue in early research studies.
- Vulnerable individuals were exploited, and coercion or undue pressure was used to participate in clinical trials.
- Withholding available treatment from research subjects and putting them at unnecessary risk were also common ethical issues.
- Deception was another major concern in these studies.
Nazi Medical Experiments
- During World War II, German physicians conducted inhumane medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners.
- High Altitude Experiments were conducted to test how long pilots could survive with little oxygen.
- Hypothermia Experiments were divided into two parts: establishing how long it would take to lower the body temperature to death and how to best resuscitate the frozen victim.
- Malaria Experiments were conducted to investigate immunization and treatment for malaria, resulting in severe pain and permanent disability for many subjects.
Definition of Research
- Research is a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop knowledge.
- Research raises ethical issues and has different views, including therapeutic, non-therapeutic, and intervention research.
Types of Research
- Therapeutic research aims to benefit the individual research participant or patient by treating or curing their condition.
- Non-therapeutic research aims to benefit people other than the research participant, but may not provide immediate benefit to the participant.
- Intervention research is always invasive and involves risks, while observation research may be non-invasive and involve no risk.
Historical Events in Human Research
- Before the 19th century, research was small scale and largely therapeutic in intent.
Explore the ethical issues surrounding research and learn about the different types of research such as therapeutic and non-therapeutic. Understand the importance of considering participants' well-being and the broader implications of research.
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