Research Design Overview
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Questions and Answers

What advantage does the Pre-Test and Post-Test Design offer?

  • It maintains high equivalence among participants. (correct)
  • It provides data from only one group.
  • It minimizes the need for control groups.
  • It eliminates the impact of external variables.

    • Which variable is considered as an independent variable in the study described?

  • Sex of the participants
  • Pain relief
  • The drug dosage measured in milligrams (correct)
  • The performance of the subjects

    • In a Solomon Four Group Design, how many experimental groups are involved?

  • Four experimental groups
  • Two experimental groups (correct)
  • Three experimental groups
  • One experimental group

    • What characterizes a quasi-experiment compared to a true experiment?

    <p>It lacks one or more properties of a true experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interactions is specifically mentioned as a focus of the study?

    <p>The interaction effect of sex and drug dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of pre-experimental design regarding causality?

    <p>It is not capable of estimating causal relationships as effectively as experimental research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves actual experimentation to determine the efficacy of the SCI?

    <p>Phase III - Randomized clinical trial (RCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Phase II in the assessment of interventions?

    <p>Pilot testing for possible side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes pre-experimental research often not considered true research?

    <p>It often lacks financial support and replicability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a focus of experimental studies?

    <p>Defining and interpreting qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the role of a bricoleur in qualitative research?

    <p>Sourcing data from a variety of contexts and methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of data collected in ethnographic studies?

    <p>Describing and interpreting daily activities and lifestyles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the long-term effects evaluation in Phase IV?

    <p>It adopts decisions arrived at from earlier phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of qualitative research design under Critical Theory?

    <p>Critique of society and envisioning new possibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research?

    <p>It focuses on subjective experiences rather than numerical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does the phenomenology design in qualitative research primarily focus on?

    <p>Understanding the lived experiences of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design is commonly associated with correlational research?

    <p>It examines relationships between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an aspect rejected by qualitative research design?

    <p>Objective and disinterested inquirer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes non-experimental research designs in qualitative research?

    <p>They describe phenomena without making causal inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of the validity question in qualitative research?

    <p>Whether findings reflect contextual realities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central structure of intentionality in phenomenology emphasize?

    <p>A deliberate focus on individual perspectives and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using questionnaires for data gathering?

    <p>Facilitates data gathering efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT classified as a type of interview?

    <p>Rating Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant disadvantage of using questionnaires?

    <p>Printing and mailing can be costly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of self-report measure is deemed the least accurate?

    <p>Retrospective self-report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can negatively affect the response rate of questionnaires?

    <p>Respondents' social desirability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of interviews compared to questionnaires?

    <p>They allow for verbal and non-verbal observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of survey method likely leads to lower respondent engagement?

    <p>Mail Surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding self-report measures?

    <p>They provide accurate reflections of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of good survey questions?

    <p>They should specifically answer the variables under study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes double negative questions?

    <p>They are difficult for respondents to answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ensure that questionnaire responses are easy to interpret?

    <p>They facilitate accurate analysis and conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue can arise from double-barreled questions?

    <p>They can yield confusing answers due to multiple queries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does birth control contribute to family capabilities?

    <p>It helps families educate their children effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice when constructing survey questions?

    <p>Including irrelevant information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cover letter accompanying a questionnaire?

    <p>To inform respondents about the study's purpose and benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an undesirable characteristic of questions in surveys?

    <p>They should be lengthy and complicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Design

    • Factorial Design:
      • Examines interaction effects between variables.
      • Allows for analyzing differences between treatments for each subject.
    • Pre-Test and Post-Test Design:
      • A type of within-subjects design.
      • Pre-test before treatment and post-test after treatment to understand changes.
      • Provides high equivalence advantage as all subjects experience the same.
    • Solomon Four Group Design:
      • Includes two control groups and two experimental groups.
      • Two groups take the pre-test, two do not.
      • Allows for analyzing the impact of the pre-test itself.
    • Basic Research Design - Continued:
      • Quasi-Experiment:
        • Lacks one or more properties of a true experiment.
        • Not ideal for estimating causal relationships.
      • Pre-experimental Design:
        • Used to determine the efficacy and safety of an intervention.
        • Example: Pilot test of a new treatment (e.g., Phase II).
    • Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT):
      • A key phase of clinical trials (e.g., Phase III)
      • Subjects are randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.
      • Used to compare interventions and determine effectiveness.

    Qualitative Research Design

    • Qualitative Research Design:
      • Focuses on quality criteria, ensuring the accuracy of study conclusions.
      • Emphasizes validity - is the method used really measurable?
      • Examines subjective experiences of a phenomenon.
    • Common Qualitative Research Designs:
      • Phenomenology:
        • Understanding the lived experiences of individuals.
        • A philosophical discipline that delves into the lived experiences of humans.
        • Aims at understanding the meaning and essence of experiences.
      • Ethnographic Studies:
        • Data collection about lifestyle and daily activities of specific ethnic groups.
        • Focus on in-depth description and interpretation of cultural practices.
    • Critical Theory:
      • Critiques societal norms and proposes new possibilities.
      • Action-oriented approach.
      • Integrative of theory and practice.
      • Embraces self-knowledge and socio-political action.
    • Bricoleur:
      • Immersed in the study situation and possesses specialized knowledge.
      • Can synthesize diverse data from different sources.

    Quantitative Research Design

    • Quantitative Research Design:
      • Employs control, precise measurements, and numerical data.
      • Non-experimental designs to describe phenomena.
      • Non-experimental designs to determine the impact of interventions.
    • Correlational Research Design:
      • Examines the relationship between two variables.
      • No assumptions are employed.
      • Aims to understand the co-occurrence of variables.
      • Example: Relationship between human adult height and weight.

    Research Instruments

    • Questionnaire:
      • Self-directed instrument with structured questions.
      • Facilitates data collection.
      • Allows for testing data reliability and validity.
    • Scanning Questionnaires:
      • Used for questionnaires administered in face-to-face interviews, mail surveys, or telephone surveys.
    • Interviews:
      • Provides broader and varied responses.
      • Allows for capturing complete answers and observing verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
    • Self-Reports:
      • Individual reports on their own behaviors or mental contents.
      • Often inaccurate and unreliable, especially retrospective reports.
    • Anecdotal Records and Documentary Materials:
      • Personal accounts of the researcher.
      • Examples: Researcher observations, diaries, or archival documents.
    • Good Questions:
      • Focus on variables of the research problem.
      • Are clearly and concisely stated.
      • Are objective and unbiased.
      • Promote easy interpretation and data tabulation.
    • Data Collection Process:
      • Precise and systematic: Ensuring accuracy and reliability of data collection.
    • Evaluating research instrument:
      • Validation: Ensuring the instrument measures what it intends to measure.
      • Reliability: Ensuring consistent results with repeated use of the instrument.
    • Cover Letter:
      • Accompanied by a questionnaire, outlining study purpose and benefits.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various research design methodologies including Factorial Design, Pre-Test and Post-Test Design, Solomon Four Group Design, and more. Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each type, along with their applications in experimental settings to understand their impact on research outcomes.

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