Research Design Overview

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What advantage does the Pre-Test and Post-Test Design offer?

It maintains high equivalence among participants. (correct)

It provides data from only one group.

It minimizes the need for control groups.

It eliminates the impact of external variables.

Which variable is considered as an independent variable in the study described?

Sex of the participants

Pain relief

The drug dosage measured in milligrams (correct)

The performance of the subjects

In a Solomon Four Group Design, how many experimental groups are involved?

Four experimental groups

Two experimental groups (correct)

Three experimental groups

One experimental group

What characterizes a quasi-experiment compared to a true experiment?

It lacks one or more properties of a true experiment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions is specifically mentioned as a focus of the study?

The interaction effect of sex and drug dosage Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of pre-experimental design regarding causality?

It is not capable of estimating causal relationships as effectively as experimental research. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves actual experimentation to determine the efficacy of the SCI?

Phase III - Randomized clinical trial (RCT) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Phase II in the assessment of interventions?

Pilot testing for possible side effects Signup and view all the answers

What makes pre-experimental research often not considered true research?

It often lacks financial support and replicability. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a focus of experimental studies?

Defining and interpreting qualitative data Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of a bricoleur in qualitative research?

Sourcing data from a variety of contexts and methods. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of data collected in ethnographic studies?

Describing and interpreting daily activities and lifestyles. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the long-term effects evaluation in Phase IV?

It adopts decisions arrived at from earlier phases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of qualitative research design under Critical Theory?

Critique of society and envisioning new possibilities Signup and view all the answers

How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research?

It focuses on subjective experiences rather than numerical data. Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the phenomenology design in qualitative research primarily focus on?

Understanding the lived experiences of individuals Signup and view all the answers

What type of design is commonly associated with correlational research?

It examines relationships between two variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an aspect rejected by qualitative research design?

Objective and disinterested inquirer Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes non-experimental research designs in qualitative research?

They describe phenomena without making causal inferences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of the validity question in qualitative research?

Whether findings reflect contextual realities. Signup and view all the answers

What does the central structure of intentionality in phenomenology emphasize?

A deliberate focus on individual perspectives and experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using questionnaires for data gathering?

Facilitates data gathering efficiently Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT classified as a type of interview?

Rating Scales Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant disadvantage of using questionnaires?

Printing and mailing can be costly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self-report measure is deemed the least accurate?

Retrospective self-report Signup and view all the answers

What factor can negatively affect the response rate of questionnaires?

Respondents' social desirability Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of interviews compared to questionnaires?

They allow for verbal and non-verbal observation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of survey method likely leads to lower respondent engagement?

Mail Surveys Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding self-report measures?

They provide accurate reflections of behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of good survey questions?

They should specifically answer the variables under study. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes double negative questions?

They are difficult for respondents to answer. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure that questionnaire responses are easy to interpret?

They facilitate accurate analysis and conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue can arise from double-barreled questions?

They can yield confusing answers due to multiple queries. Signup and view all the answers

How does birth control contribute to family capabilities?

It helps families educate their children effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice when constructing survey questions?

Including irrelevant information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a cover letter accompanying a questionnaire?

To inform respondents about the study's purpose and benefits. Signup and view all the answers

What is an undesirable characteristic of questions in surveys?

They should be lengthy and complicated. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Design

Factorial Design:
- Examines interaction effects between variables.
- Allows for analyzing differences between treatments for each subject.
Pre-Test and Post-Test Design:
- A type of within-subjects design.
- Pre-test before treatment and post-test after treatment to understand changes.
- Provides high equivalence advantage as all subjects experience the same.
Solomon Four Group Design:
- Includes two control groups and two experimental groups.
- Two groups take the pre-test, two do not.
- Allows for analyzing the impact of the pre-test itself.
Basic Research Design - Continued:
- Quasi-Experiment:
  - Lacks one or more properties of a true experiment.
  - Not ideal for estimating causal relationships.
- Pre-experimental Design:
  - Used to determine the efficacy and safety of an intervention.
  - Example: Pilot test of a new treatment (e.g., Phase II).
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT):
- A key phase of clinical trials (e.g., Phase III)
- Subjects are randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.
- Used to compare interventions and determine effectiveness.

Qualitative Research Design

Qualitative Research Design:
- Focuses on quality criteria, ensuring the accuracy of study conclusions.
- Emphasizes validity - is the method used really measurable?
- Examines subjective experiences of a phenomenon.
Common Qualitative Research Designs:
- Phenomenology:
  - Understanding the lived experiences of individuals.
  - A philosophical discipline that delves into the lived experiences of humans.
  - Aims at understanding the meaning and essence of experiences.
- Ethnographic Studies:
  - Data collection about lifestyle and daily activities of specific ethnic groups.
  - Focus on in-depth description and interpretation of cultural practices.
Critical Theory:
- Critiques societal norms and proposes new possibilities.
- Action-oriented approach.
- Integrative of theory and practice.
- Embraces self-knowledge and socio-political action.
Bricoleur:
- Immersed in the study situation and possesses specialized knowledge.
- Can synthesize diverse data from different sources.

Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative Research Design:
- Employs control, precise measurements, and numerical data.
- Non-experimental designs to describe phenomena.
- Non-experimental designs to determine the impact of interventions.
Correlational Research Design:
- Examines the relationship between two variables.
- No assumptions are employed.
- Aims to understand the co-occurrence of variables.
- Example: Relationship between human adult height and weight.

Research Instruments

Questionnaire:
- Self-directed instrument with structured questions.
- Facilitates data collection.
- Allows for testing data reliability and validity.
Scanning Questionnaires:
- Used for questionnaires administered in face-to-face interviews, mail surveys, or telephone surveys.
Interviews:
- Provides broader and varied responses.
- Allows for capturing complete answers and observing verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
Self-Reports:
- Individual reports on their own behaviors or mental contents.
- Often inaccurate and unreliable, especially retrospective reports.
Anecdotal Records and Documentary Materials:
- Personal accounts of the researcher.
- Examples: Researcher observations, diaries, or archival documents.
Good Questions:
- Focus on variables of the research problem.
- Are clearly and concisely stated.
- Are objective and unbiased.
- Promote easy interpretation and data tabulation.
Data Collection Process:
- Precise and systematic: Ensuring accuracy and reliability of data collection.
Evaluating research instrument:
- Validation: Ensuring the instrument measures what it intends to measure.
- Reliability: Ensuring consistent results with repeated use of the instrument.
Cover Letter:
- Accompanied by a questionnaire, outlining study purpose and benefits.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers various research design methodologies including Factorial Design, Pre-Test and Post-Test Design, Solomon Four Group Design, and more. Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each type, along with their applications in experimental settings to understand their impact on research outcomes.