Research Design Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes a son's fear of castration by his father due to his desire for his mother?

  • Electra Complex
  • Castration Anxiety (correct)
  • Oedipus Complex
  • Penis Envy

    • During which psychosexual stage are sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies?

  • Latency Stage (correct)
  • Phallic Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Genital Stage

    • What mechanism involves unacceptable impulses being pushed back into the unconscious?

  • Repression (correct)
  • Displacement
  • Projection
  • Denial

    • Which defense mechanism involves attributing unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains a girl's desire for her father and rivalry with her mother?

    <p>Electra Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is best for identifying long-term trends in behavior?

    <p>Longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main disadvantage of cross-sectional studies?

    <p>They can be affected by differences in social or historical contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to sequential studies compared to cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

    <p>They can separate age-related changes from cohort effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential con of longitudinal studies but not of cross-sectional studies?

    <p>Time consumption and expense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue for both longitudinal and sequential studies?

    <p>Attrition of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's psychosexual theory, people's motivations are shaped by:

    <p>Their early experiences and instinctive drives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is a quasi-experiment often utilized in research?

    <p>When participants are accidentally assigned to groups by circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of sequential studies over longitudinal studies?

    <p>They provide a more complete picture of development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of the evocative gene-environment interaction?

    <p>Children's genotypes evoke reactions from their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes nonnormative influences?

    <p>Unusual events with a major impact on individual lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the group of people born at the same time?

    <p>Age cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'ethnic gloss' refer to?

    <p>The overgeneralization that blurs variations within an ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does not form part of the context of development?

    <p>Imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does human development focus on?

    <p>The systematic processes of change and stability in people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective views development as a lifelong, multidimensional, and multidisciplinary process?

    <p>Life-Span Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of development involves the growth of the body and brain?

    <p>Physical Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the stability-change issue address?

    <p>The degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns leading to full functionality?

    <p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle focuses on honesty, truthfulness, and open and accurate communication?

    <p>Integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples entail?

    <p>Working for people’s benefit and doing no harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of the principle of Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples?

    <p>Free and informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which general principle includes exercising rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination?

    <p>Respect for People's Rights and Dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which activity is related to Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society?

    <p>Conducting affairs within society with ethical standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key focus of behavioral genetics?

    <p>Examining the relationship between genetic and environmental differences and trait variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you define heritability?

    <p>The proportion of variability in a trait in a population attributable to genetic differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'concordance rate'?

    <p>The percentage of pairs of individuals sharing a trait when one of them displays the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does selective breeding serve in behavioral genetics?

    <p>To identify the heritability of specific traits by breeding animals for those traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Gregor Mendel's work?

    <p>Explored the principles of heredity through experiments on plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it permissible to dispense with informed consent in research?

    <p>When the research involves anonymous questionnaires and confidentiality is protected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition is it acceptable to perform procedures on animal subjects that cause discomfort?

    <p>When the discomfort is justified by the potential scientific outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step when deception is used in a study?

    <p>Ensuring the deception is justified and participants are informed at the earliest opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is required for publishing and sharing research data?

    <p>Sharing data only for the declared purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should faculty advisors address publication credit with students?

    <p>As early as possible in the research process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recording images or voices is permitted without specific permission under which circumstance?

    <p>When the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places or includes deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when offering incentives for research participation?

    <p>Avoiding incentives that could be perceived as coercive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are researchers obligated to do if they use portions of another's work?

    <p>They must appropriately reference and credit the original authors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mechanistic model of development suggest about people?

    <p>People react to environmental input like machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of the APA General Principles emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm?

    <p>Beneficence and Nonmaleficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of change refers to the emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted based on past basic functioning?

    <p>Qualitative Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Locke's theory, how are children perceived at birth?

    <p>Tabula Rasa or blank slates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental psychology model suggests that people actively set their own development in motion?

    <p>Organismic Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of evolutionary psychology?

    <p>Adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nativist perspective emphasize in human development?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Noam Chomsky, how do all children acquire language?

    <p>In the same way, innately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is particularly useful for studying rare cases?

    <p>Descriptive study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common to both descriptive and case studies?

    <p>Low external validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design helps debunk the logic of universally applying Western developed theories?

    <p>Ethnographic Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which limitation is associated with correlational studies?

    <p>Cannot establish causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of experimental research designs?

    <p>Manipulation of variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is open to observer bias but helps in overcoming cultural biases in theory and research?

    <p>Ethnographic Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is least likely associated with experimental designs?

    <p>High external validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design is primarily utilized in the study of multiple influences operating in natural settings?

    <p>Correlational study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Design Overview

    • Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control

    Types of Studies

    • Cross-Sectional: assesses children of different ages at one point in time to find differences, usually done on a large sample
      • Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct
      • Cons: cannot find causes and effects as it is a snapshot in time, results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context
    • Longitudinal: studies the same people over time, can be conducted over years
      • Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time
      • Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables
    • Sequential: collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
      • Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers more complete picture of development
      • Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample

    Developmental Theories

    • Psychosexual Theory by Freud:
      • humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression
      • these drives are shaped by early experiences
      • people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts
      • they may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences

    Psychosexual Development

    • Oedipus Complex: a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards the father
      • the child resolves these feelings through identification with the father
    • Electra Complex: a similar situation arises in girls, where they desire their father and feel hostility towards their mother
      • it is also resolved through identification with the mother

    Ethical Considerations in Research

    • Informed Consent:
      • seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians
      • must appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, or assent
    • Deception:
      • must be justified and discussed as early as possible
      • not during the conclusion of data collection
    • Animal Welfare:
      • ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects
      • procedures must be justified and be as minimal as possible
    • Plagiarism:
      • must not present portions of another's work or data as their own
      • must take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed

    Developmental Psychology

    • Learning:
      • how a person adapts to the environment
    • Behavioral Genetics:
      • scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits
    • Heritability:
      • proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals
    • Gregor Mendel:
      • studied the heredity in plants
    • Selective Breeding:
      • involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable
      • genes contribute to such attributes as activity level, emotionality, aggressiveness, and sex drive in rats, mice, and chickens

    Research Designs

    • Twin Studies:
    • Adoption Studies:
    • Family Studies:
    • Concordance Rate:
      • the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too

    PAP General Principles

    • Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples:
      • respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
      • free and informed consent
      • privacy, fairness, and justice

    Developmental Psychology Theory

    • Theory:
      • a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions
    • Hypothesis:
      • explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research
    • John Locke:
      • Tabula Rasa (blank slate)
    • Jean Jacques Rousseau:
      • children are born “noble savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society
    • Mechanistic Model:
      • people are like machines that react to environmental input
    • Organismic Model:
      • people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react
    • Continuous:
      • gradual and incremental change
    • Discontinuous:
      • abrupt or uneven change
    • Quantitative Change:
      • change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size
    • Qualitative Change:
      • emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning
    • Evolutionary Psychology:
      • emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
    • Nativist Perspective:
      • genes
    • Empiricist Perspective:
      • environment
    • Noam Chomsky:
      • all children acquire language in the same way

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    Description

    Learn about different research design types, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Understand their descriptions, pros, and cons.

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