57 Questions
Which term describes a son's fear of castration by his father due to his desire for his mother?
Castration Anxiety
During which psychosexual stage are sexual urges sublimated into sports and hobbies?
Latency Stage
What mechanism involves unacceptable impulses being pushed back into the unconscious?
Repression
Which defense mechanism involves attributing unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else?
Projection
What concept explains a girl's desire for her father and rivalry with her mother?
Electra Complex
Which type of research design is best for identifying long-term trends in behavior?
Longitudinal
What is a main disadvantage of cross-sectional studies?
They can be affected by differences in social or historical contexts.
Which feature is unique to sequential studies compared to cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
They can separate age-related changes from cohort effects.
Which is a potential con of longitudinal studies but not of cross-sectional studies?
Time consumption and expense
What is a common issue for both longitudinal and sequential studies?
Attrition of participants
According to Freud's psychosexual theory, people's motivations are shaped by:
Their early experiences and instinctive drives.
In what context is a quasi-experiment often utilized in research?
When participants are accidentally assigned to groups by circumstances.
What is an advantage of sequential studies over longitudinal studies?
They provide a more complete picture of development.
What is one effect of the evocative gene-environment interaction?
Children's genotypes evoke reactions from their surroundings.
Which of the following best describes nonnormative influences?
Unusual events with a major impact on individual lives.
Which term refers to the group of people born at the same time?
Age cohort
What does 'ethnic gloss' refer to?
The overgeneralization that blurs variations within an ethnic group.
Which of the following factors does not form part of the context of development?
Imprinting
What does human development focus on?
The systematic processes of change and stability in people
Which perspective views development as a lifelong, multidimensional, and multidisciplinary process?
Life-Span Perspective
Which domain of development involves the growth of the body and brain?
Physical Development
What does the stability-change issue address?
The degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
Which concept involves the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns leading to full functionality?
Maturation
Which principle focuses on honesty, truthfulness, and open and accurate communication?
Integrity
What does the principle of Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples entail?
Working for people’s benefit and doing no harm
What is a key element of the principle of Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples?
Free and informed consent
Which general principle includes exercising rights to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination?
Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Among the following, which activity is related to Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society?
Conducting affairs within society with ethical standards
What is the key focus of behavioral genetics?
Examining the relationship between genetic and environmental differences and trait variability.
How would you define heritability?
The proportion of variability in a trait in a population attributable to genetic differences.
What is meant by the term 'concordance rate'?
The percentage of pairs of individuals sharing a trait when one of them displays the trait.
What purpose does selective breeding serve in behavioral genetics?
To identify the heritability of specific traits by breeding animals for those traits.
Which of the following best describes Gregor Mendel's work?
Explored the principles of heredity through experiments on plants.
When is it permissible to dispense with informed consent in research?
When the research involves anonymous questionnaires and confidentiality is protected
Under what condition is it acceptable to perform procedures on animal subjects that cause discomfort?
When the discomfort is justified by the potential scientific outcome
What is a crucial step when deception is used in a study?
Ensuring the deception is justified and participants are informed at the earliest opportunity
Which of the following is required for publishing and sharing research data?
Sharing data only for the declared purpose
How should faculty advisors address publication credit with students?
As early as possible in the research process
Recording images or voices is permitted without specific permission under which circumstance?
When the research consists of solely naturalistic observations in public places or includes deception
What is the primary concern when offering incentives for research participation?
Avoiding incentives that could be perceived as coercive
What are researchers obligated to do if they use portions of another's work?
They must appropriately reference and credit the original authors
What does the mechanistic model of development suggest about people?
People react to environmental input like machines.
Which principle of the APA General Principles emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm?
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Which type of change refers to the emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted based on past basic functioning?
Qualitative Change
According to John Locke's theory, how are children perceived at birth?
Tabula Rasa or blank slates
Which developmental psychology model suggests that people actively set their own development in motion?
Organismic Model
Which of the following best describes the focus of evolutionary psychology?
Adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest
What does the nativist perspective emphasize in human development?
Genetic factors
According to Noam Chomsky, how do all children acquire language?
In the same way, innately
Which research design is particularly useful for studying rare cases?
Descriptive study
Which characteristic is common to both descriptive and case studies?
Low external validity
Which research design helps debunk the logic of universally applying Western developed theories?
Ethnographic Study
Which limitation is associated with correlational studies?
Cannot establish causation
What is a key benefit of experimental research designs?
Manipulation of variables
Which research design is open to observer bias but helps in overcoming cultural biases in theory and research?
Ethnographic Study
Which characteristic is least likely associated with experimental designs?
High external validity
Which design is primarily utilized in the study of multiple influences operating in natural settings?
Correlational study
Study Notes
Research Design Overview
- Quasi-Experiment: compares people who have been accidentally assigned to separate groups due to circumstances that are out of the researcher's control
Types of Studies
-
Cross-Sectional: assesses children of different ages at one point in time to find differences, usually done on a large sample
- Pros: more economical, quicker to conduct
- Cons: cannot find causes and effects as it is a snapshot in time, results can be affected by differences due to social/historical context
-
Longitudinal: studies the same people over time, can be conducted over years
- Pros: provides insight into long-term trends, tracks individual differences and change over time
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, possibility of participant drop-out, more difficult to control confounding variables
-
Sequential: collects data on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples
- Pros: allows researchers to separate age-related change from cohort effects, offers more complete picture of development
- Cons: time-consuming and expensive, requires more than one researcher, may require a larger number of participants for each sample
Developmental Theories
-
Psychosexual Theory by Freud:
- humans are born with instinctive drives like hunger, sex, and aggression
- these drives are shaped by early experiences
- people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts
- they may not be aware that their motivations stem from early experiences
Psychosexual Development
-
Oedipus Complex: a son's unconscious desire for his mother and hostility towards the father
- the child resolves these feelings through identification with the father
-
Electra Complex: a similar situation arises in girls, where they desire their father and feel hostility towards their mother
- it is also resolved through identification with the mother
Ethical Considerations in Research
-
Informed Consent:
- seek individual's assent, provide an explanation, consider their best interest, and obtain permission from their guardians
- must appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, or assent
-
Deception:
- must be justified and discussed as early as possible
- not during the conclusion of data collection
-
Animal Welfare:
- ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects
- procedures must be justified and be as minimal as possible
-
Plagiarism:
- must not present portions of another's work or data as their own
- must take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed
Developmental Psychology
-
Learning:
- how a person adapts to the environment
-
Behavioral Genetics:
- scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits
-
Heritability:
- proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals
-
Gregor Mendel:
- studied the heredity in plants
-
Selective Breeding:
- involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable
- genes contribute to such attributes as activity level, emotionality, aggressiveness, and sex drive in rats, mice, and chickens
Research Designs
- Twin Studies:
- Adoption Studies:
- Family Studies:
-
Concordance Rate:
- the percentage of pairs of people studied in which if one member of a pair displays the trait, the other does too
PAP General Principles
-
Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples:
- respect for all human beings, diversity, culture, beliefs
- free and informed consent
- privacy, fairness, and justice
Developmental Psychology Theory
-
Theory:
- a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions
-
Hypothesis:
- explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research
-
John Locke:
- Tabula Rasa (blank slate)
-
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
- children are born “noble savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society
-
Mechanistic Model:
- people are like machines that react to environmental input
-
Organismic Model:
- people are active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react
-
Continuous:
- gradual and incremental change
-
Discontinuous:
- abrupt or uneven change
-
Quantitative Change:
- change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size
-
Qualitative Change:
- emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning
-
Evolutionary Psychology:
- emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
-
Nativist Perspective:
- genes
-
Empiricist Perspective:
- environment
-
Noam Chomsky:
- all children acquire language in the same way
Learn about different research design types, including quasi-experiments, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies. Understand their descriptions, pros, and cons.
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