Research Design Approaches Quiz

Research Design Approaches

• Ethnography: Study a group of people in their natural setting to describe and interpret their behavior, culture, or population. Example: Studying a specific indigenous group or students in a classroom.
• Case Study: Provides in-depth analysis of a situation, group, or individual. Gather more data than other qualitative research approaches. Can be difficult for beginner researchers.
• Phenomenology: Studies the experiences of individuals or groups in relation to a particular phenomenon (unusual event or experience). Example: Studying how teenagers experience bullying.
• Historical Approach: Systematic collection and evaluation of information about past events from documents, stories, artifacts, etc. Examines the validity of materials and explores information not recorded in existing sources. Example: Studying the 1986 EDSA Revolution.

Sampling

• Population: The complete group of individuals relevant to the research.
• Sample: A group representing the population.
• Steps in Sampling:
  • Identify the Population of Interest: Choose the group directly affected by your research, who will be the respondents. Example: Teachers and out-of-school youth if researching teenage dropouts.
  • Specify a Sampling Frame: Define a specific location or group within the population of interest. Example: Teachers at Valencia National High School and out-of-school youth in Valencia City.
  • Specify a Sampling Method:
    • Snowball Sampling: Ask participants if they know others willing to participate, potentially using social media or community connections.
    • Opportunistic Sampling: Choose readily available respondents.
    • Convenience Sampling: Select respondents you already know for ease of access.
  • Determine the Sample Size:
    • Data Saturation Point: Continue interviewing until new information is no longer emerging and patterns repeat.
    • Approach-Based Sample Size: Use guidelines from researchers like Creswell (2013), Dukes (1984), and Charmaz (2006) for recommended sample sizes based on chosen research approach.
  • Implement the Plan: Follow the chosen sampling method to select participants. Document every detail for inclusion in your research paper.

Data and Data Collection

• Data: Information gathered throughout your research.
• Primary Data: First-hand information from direct experiences or observations. Example: Answers from a community survey about a local law.
• Secondary Data: Information gathered from previous research, audio recordings, or books. Example: Population data from a village census.
• Data Collection Instruments: Tools used to gather primary data:
  • Interviews:
    • Determine the type of interview: structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.
    • Secure permission to interview participants using a formal letter.
    • Prepare guide questions based on your research questions.
    • Ensure access to recording equipment (charged).
    • Allow participants to choose the interview location.
    • Thank participants for their time and participation.
• Building Relationships with Participants:
  • Show respect.
  • Dress appropriately.
  • Maintain eye contact.
  • Engage in conversation.
  • Avoid personal questions unrelated to the research.
  • Thank them for their time and participation.