Research Design and Types of Studies
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Questions and Answers

What type of study design is being used to investigate the effectiveness of zinc oxide in skin cancer prevention?

  • Randomized controlled trial
  • Case-control study (correct)
  • Prospective cohort study
  • Cross-sectional study

What characteristic of the study subjects is essential for ensuring the comparability of the case and control groups?

  • Their average age (correct)
  • Their geographical location
  • Their prior experience with sunscreen
  • Their skin type

In which manner is the data for a case-control study typically collected?

  • Through laboratory testing of subjects' skin
  • Through real-time monitoring of subjects
  • By asking participants to recall past exposures (correct)
  • Using longitudinal data collection methods

What is the main focus of the investigation in this study involving former lifeguards?

<p>The relationship between zinc oxide and skin cancer prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the subjects in a case-control study typically identified?

<p>By their past occupational exposure to the factor being studied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of designing a research study before initiating it?

<p>To outline the methodology for data collection and analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of observational study?

<p>Clinical trials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of observational study would be best for examining the effectiveness of a treatment over time?

<p>Cohort study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option represents a disadvantage of poorly designed studies?

<p>They can lead to misleading results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following study designs would utilize a representative sample to examine a population at one point in time?

<p>Cross-sectional study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of experimental studies over observational studies?

<p>Manipulating variables to determine cause and effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an observational study, which characteristic is primarily measured?

<p>Specific characteristics of the subjects being studied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to classify different study designs?

<p>To choose the best design for the research question (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cohort primarily defined by?

<p>A group sharing a common characteristic over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily addressed by a prospective cohort study?

<p>What will happen? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of cohort studies?

<p>Extended study periods can lead to high costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes randomized clinical trials from other study designs?

<p>They use randomization to assign treatment options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a gold standard in research?

<p>Randomized clinical trials provide the greatest justification for causality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue in cohort studies during the follow-up period?

<p>Patient drop-out or follow-up problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes an experimental study?

<p>It involves measuring parameters before and after an intervention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might limit the applicability of evidence from a clinical trial to current practice?

<p>Exclusion of certain factors during study. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

<p>Patients are compared at one specific time point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the retrospective aspect of cross-sectional studies?

<p>Previous events are analyzed for both cases and controls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of conducting cross-sectional studies?

<p>They are fast and inexpensive compared to other study types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with cross-sectional studies?

<p>They provide a snapshot in time that might lead to misleading conclusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cross-sectional study, what could complicate the selection of a control group?

<p>Controls must have a similar history to the cases being studied. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of high reliance on existing records in cross-sectional studies?

<p>Any inaccuracies in records can introduce significant bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might cross-sectional studies struggle to obtain representative samples?

<p>Recruiting participants is often based on convenience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'status quo' in the context of cross-sectional studies?

<p>The current conditions or prevalence of a disease at the time of study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of dividing a sample into intervention and control groups in a clinical trial?

<p>To measure outcomes and compare effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cohort study, what is typically observed over time?

<p>How a disease progresses and influential factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a case-control study?

<p>To assess risk factors by comparing those with and without a specific parameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cross-sectional study, what type of information is typically collected?

<p>Prevalence estimates of a parameter of interest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a repeated cross-sectional study from a standard cross-sectional study?

<p>It collects data at multiple defined intervals from different samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following observations would be most likely from a cohort study?

<p>The history of smoking among lung cancer patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cross-sectional studies is accurate?

<p>They provide insights into prevalence at a specific point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates observational studies from experimental studies?

<p>Observational studies do not involve direct manipulation of variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research Design

A plan for conducting a research study, outlining how data will be collected and analyzed.

Observational Study

A research study where characteristics are observed and measured without manipulating variables.

Case-Control Study

Observational study comparing individuals with a condition to those without.

Cross-Sectional Study

Observational study collecting data at a particular point in time.

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Cohort Study

Observational study following a group of individuals over time.

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Experimental Study

Research where variables are manipulated to observe their effect.

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Clinical Trial

A type of experimental study examining the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention.

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Study Design Importance

Poorly designed studies produce unreliable results; a good design ensures accurate data collection and analysis.

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Case-control study

A study comparing people with a disease (cases) to those without (controls) to investigate potential risk factors.

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Retrospective study

A study that looks back in time to identify risk factors for a disease.

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Matched study

A case-control study where participants in both groups are similar in key characteristics.

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Unmatched study

A case-control study where participants aren't matched in any specific way.

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Zinc oxide skin cancer prevention

A research topic investigating if zinc oxide exposure protects against skin cancer on the face.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A study comparing people with a condition to those without, looking at the condition at one specific point in time.

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Point in Time

Data collection happens all at once, not over a period.

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Cases vs. Controls

Comparing groups: one group with the condition or outcome, the other without.

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Prevalence Study

A type of cross-sectional study focusing on how common a condition is.

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Bias/Errors

Possible issues in a cross-sectional study like group selection problems.

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Snapshot in Time

A cross-sectional study only records what's happening at one moment in time (data collected once).

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Limited Information

Not ideal for tracing the history or trajectory of the condition over time.

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Quick & Inexpensive

Cross-sectional studies are usually quicker and less costly to conduct compared to other types of studies.

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Cohort Study

A study following a group of people over time to see what happens to them

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Prospective Study

Looking forward to see what may happen

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Retrospective Study

Looking back to see what likely caused an issue

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Clinical Trial

Experiments on human subjects evaluating treatments

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Controlled Clinical Trial

Comparing treatment options to assess effectiveness

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Randomized Clinical Trial

Clinical trials where patients are randomly assigned to different treatments

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Experimental Study

Research where the researcher actively changes variables to observe results

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Longitudinal Study

Study designed to gather data from subjects over an extended period or through multiple time points

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Clinical Trial

An experiment testing a therapy's effectiveness on people.

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Cohort Study

Observational study following a group over time for outcomes.

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Case-Control Study

Observational study contrasting those with and without a condition.

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Cross-Sectional Study

Observational study collecting data at one point in time.

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Repeated Cross-Sectional

Observational study collecting data from same sample, multiple times.

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Laboratory Experiment

Testing effects of variables in a controlled setting.

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Field Intervention

Observational study applying treatment to one group, comparing outcomes.

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Observational Longitudinal Study

Observational Study measuring changes over time with a population.

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Study Notes

Research Design

  • Research involves asking questions and finding answers, like which herbal remedies can be used alongside cancer treatment.
  • Research studies must be conducted ethically to protect participants.
  • Proposals for research studies need to be submitted to an ethical committee.

Types of Studies

  • Quantitative studies focus on the numbers of data (e.g., how many people).
    • Observational studies only observe data without interfering (e.g., observing participants only).
    • Interventional studies involve intervening in the study (e.g., clinical trials).
  • Qualitative studies focus on the best quality data through interviews to get a deeper understanding (e.g., asking open-ended questions about how participants feel).
    • Interviews are used to provide detailed insight.
    • Surveys gather information from a large group, quickly (e.g. snapshot data).

Observational Studies

  • Survey: Quick snapshot of data, easy to administer, but can be biased if time frame is too long
  • Case control: Focuses on a specific disease (such as skin cancer), looking back at factors that may have contributed to the disease (retrospective)
  • Cohort: Tracking individuals over time to identify potential causes of disease (prospective). Measures exposures and looks at resulting outcomes.

Interventional Studies

  • Clinical trials (RCT/RCCT): Controlled studies comparing different treatments using a sample group receiving one treatment or placebo (another treatment).
  • Participants are randomly assigned to groups (e.g., odd patients get one treatment, even patients get another).
  • Monitors the effect between groups or in a single group over time.

Case Control Studies

  • Focus on a specific disease (like Hashimoto's disease) and looking at factors that contribute to it.
  • Evaluates what factors might be connected to, or protect from, the disease.

Cross-Sectional Studies

  • Collects data at one specific time point to study the prevalence or distribution of a disease, or other characteristic.
  • Useful for identifying the presence of a disease in a population at that particular time.

Cohort Studies

  • Tracks a group over time (prospective or retrospective) collecting data on exposures and outcomes.
  • Focuses on investigating the causes of a particular condition, or course of a disease.
  • Looks at possible causes of health conditions, or how they cause problems over time with a group of people.

Experimental Studies

  • Studies that investigate the impact of a new drug, or procedure.
  • Subjects are randomly assigned to different groups (treatment, control).
  • Tracks the effectiveness of a new treatment or procedure by carefully selecting participants (randomization) and placing them into different treatment and control groups.

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Related Documents

Research Design (2021) PDF

Description

Explore key concepts in research design, focusing on various types of studies including qualitative and quantitative approaches. Learn about the importance of ethical considerations and how observational and interventional studies are carried out. This quiz is ideal for anyone interested in understanding the foundations of research methodologies.

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