Research Design and Qualitative Research

Research Design

• Research design is the overall strategy for integrating study components logically.
• It's a framework for data collection and analysis.
• Different designs suit different research questions.
• A well-structured study yields valid and reliable results.

Qualitative Research

• Qualitative research explores complex issues, seeking understanding.
• It uses non-numerical data (interviews, focus groups, observations).
• Researchers develop theories from collected data (inductive reasoning).
• Often used to understand why something happened or gain an in-depth look.
• Common methods include:
  • Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)
  • Focus groups
  • Ethnography (observational studies)
  • Case studies

Quantitative Research

• Quantitative research measures and tests theories/hypotheses.
• It uses numerical data and statistical methods.
• Researchers typically use deductive reasoning (starting with theories).
• Aims to identify relationships or effects of variables.
• Common methods include:
  • Experiments (variable manipulation)
  • Surveys (questionnaires)
  • Analysis of existing datasets (e.g., census data)

Mixed Methods Research

• Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.
• It leverages the strengths of both approaches for a more complete understanding.
• Explores complex issues while identifying patterns/trends.
• Enhances confidence in research findings.

Research Methodology

• Research methodology is the structured approach in a study.
• It encompasses techniques, procedures, and strategies for data collection and analysis.
• It addresses the research problem systematically (the "how").

Sampling Techniques

• Sampling selects a subset of a population to represent the whole.
• Techniques include:
  • Simple random sampling: Equal chance for each member.
  • Stratified random sampling: Subgroups (strata) with random sampling within.
  • Cluster sampling: Randomly select clusters from population.
  • Convenience sampling: Select based on availability.
  • Purposive sampling: Select based on specific characteristics.
• The chosen technique depends on the research question, resources, and population.

Data Analysis

• Data analysis transforms raw data into meaningful information.
• Qualitative analysis often uses thematic analysis (identifying patterns).
• Quantitative analysis uses statistical methods (e.g., descriptive - mean, median, mode; inferential - t-tests, ANOVA) to test hypotheses/relationships.
• The chosen method depends on the research question.

Validity and Reliability

• Validity measures the accuracy of findings.
• Reliability assesses consistency of findings across multiple measures.
• Quantitative studies achieve validity by carefully measuring variables and controlling threats.
• Reliability comes from consistent data collection.

Ethical Considerations

• Ethical considerations are vital for protecting participants and ensuring research integrity.
• Key aspects include informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and avoiding harm.
• Consulting relevant ethical review boards is crucial during design.