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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a study design in research?
What is the primary purpose of a study design in research?
What does causation imply in respiratory therapy research?
What does causation imply in respiratory therapy research?
Which of the following best describes correlation?
Which of the following best describes correlation?
In the context of bias, which statement is most accurate?
In the context of bias, which statement is most accurate?
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Which factor is NOT typically considered in planning a research study?
Which factor is NOT typically considered in planning a research study?
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What type of information is typically presented in the abstract of a research study?
What type of information is typically presented in the abstract of a research study?
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Which section of a research study outlines the methodology used in the research?
Which section of a research study outlines the methodology used in the research?
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What is the primary purpose of the results section in a research study?
What is the primary purpose of the results section in a research study?
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How does the discussion section differ from the results section in a research study?
How does the discussion section differ from the results section in a research study?
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What aspect of a research study does the validity and reliability focus on?
What aspect of a research study does the validity and reliability focus on?
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What is a key factor to consider when designing a research study?
What is a key factor to consider when designing a research study?
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In the context of research planning, what is the role of a literature review?
In the context of research planning, what is the role of a literature review?
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What is implied by the term 'sample' in research studies?
What is implied by the term 'sample' in research studies?
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What is a primary characteristic of randomized controlled trials?
What is a primary characteristic of randomized controlled trials?
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What does randomization in a clinical trial help to minimize?
What does randomization in a clinical trial help to minimize?
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Which type of trial structure eliminates biases by keeping both participants and researchers unaware?
Which type of trial structure eliminates biases by keeping both participants and researchers unaware?
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Under what condition is it considered unethical to randomize participants?
Under what condition is it considered unethical to randomize participants?
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What is a key difference between randomized controlled trials and observational studies?
What is a key difference between randomized controlled trials and observational studies?
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What method do researchers use to compare outcomes between the experimental and control groups?
What method do researchers use to compare outcomes between the experimental and control groups?
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Which of the following is a potential reason to avoid randomization in a trial?
Which of the following is a potential reason to avoid randomization in a trial?
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What is the purpose of exposure management in a randomized controlled trial?
What is the purpose of exposure management in a randomized controlled trial?
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What is the primary purpose of randomization in a controlled study?
What is the primary purpose of randomization in a controlled study?
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Which of the following best describes selection bias?
Which of the following best describes selection bias?
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What is the meaning of recall bias in research studies?
What is the meaning of recall bias in research studies?
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Which statement best defines reliability in research?
Which statement best defines reliability in research?
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What does validity assess in a research study?
What does validity assess in a research study?
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In what way is information bias detrimental to research?
In what way is information bias detrimental to research?
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What is the primary problem associated with publication bias?
What is the primary problem associated with publication bias?
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Which type of study design is often characterized by a lack of randomization?
Which type of study design is often characterized by a lack of randomization?
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Which measurement scale allows for the determination of both direction and magnitude of differences?
Which measurement scale allows for the determination of both direction and magnitude of differences?
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What type of variable can only take on specific numerical values, with no intermediate values?
What type of variable can only take on specific numerical values, with no intermediate values?
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Which scale of measurement uses an ordered set of categories but has an arbitrary zero point?
Which scale of measurement uses an ordered set of categories but has an arbitrary zero point?
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Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?
Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?
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What does a ratio scale provide compared to an interval scale?
What does a ratio scale provide compared to an interval scale?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a nominal scale?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a nominal scale?
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Which type of quantitative variable can take any numerical value within a given range?
Which type of quantitative variable can take any numerical value within a given range?
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What is the main difference between ordinal and nominal scales?
What is the main difference between ordinal and nominal scales?
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Which example corresponds with an ordinal variable?
Which example corresponds with an ordinal variable?
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What can be inferred from interval scales regarding zero points?
What can be inferred from interval scales regarding zero points?
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What is the median value in a data set?
What is the median value in a data set?
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In a positively skewed distribution, how does the mean compare to the median?
In a positively skewed distribution, how does the mean compare to the median?
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How does an outlier affect the mean of a data set?
How does an outlier affect the mean of a data set?
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Which measure of central tendency remains unaffected by outliers?
Which measure of central tendency remains unaffected by outliers?
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What does the interquartile range (IQR) measure?
What does the interquartile range (IQR) measure?
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Which statement about the interquartile range is true?
Which statement about the interquartile range is true?
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What does it mean if urinary oestriol (UO) distribution is positively skewed?
What does it mean if urinary oestriol (UO) distribution is positively skewed?
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If the median of a data set is less than the mean, what does this suggest about the skewness of the distribution?
If the median of a data set is less than the mean, what does this suggest about the skewness of the distribution?
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Study Notes
Biostatistics & Research Methodology Course (BRM 497)
- This course introduces concepts in biostatistics and research methodology.
- Includes an introduction to epidemiology, research, research design, and methods of data analysis.
- Provides exercises to practice matching key terms and applying them to different activities.
- Briefly describes different types of reading like skimming, scanning and detailed reading to help students read scientific papers better.
Definition of Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the scientific study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
- It involves systematically studying, with a data-driven approach, the frequency, pattern, and causes of health-related concerns within a population.
- Important terms include distribution, determinants, and application, each linked to epidemiological activities.
Definition of Research
- Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic, a careful investigation, or inquiry to discover new facts.
- It's a systematic effort to gain new knowledge, often through investigating and examining existing information.
- Is also defined as a structured method of investigation.
Research Definition
- Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- It involves collecting and studying material from a variety of sources for the purpose of building knowledge, advancing theories and explaining phenomena.
Purpose of Scientific Research
- Examine a phenomenon
- Provide professional credibility
- Guide clinical practice
- Guide clinical decisions
- Program evaluation
- Inform policy
Research Methods versus Methodology
- Methodology is the theoretical analysis of methods used in a field.
- Research methods are the techniques used in performing research.
- Research methods can be categorized into three groups: data collection methods, statistical techniques, and outcome accuracy evaluators.
Research Design
- Preparation of a research design considers the means of obtaining information, the availability and skills of the researcher and staff, the time and cost factors related to the research.
- The design needs to involve an explanation/justification for the chosen means of gaining information.
Research Design - Questions
- What is the study about?
- Why is the study being made?
- Where will the study be carried out?
- What is the type of data required?
- Where can the required data be found?
- What periods of time will the study include?
- What will be the sample design?
- What techniques of data collection will be used?
- How will the data be analyzed?
- In what style will the report be prepared?
Research Steps
- Define research problem
- Literature review/Gap analysis
- Formulate hypothesis or research question
- Execution of project & data collection
- Analysis of data
- Interpretation of data and testing hypothesis
- Reporting
Research
- Identify and prioritize problem
- Literature review/gap analysis
- Aim and objectives
- Methodology
- Execution
- Data Analysis
- Data presentation
- Discussion
- Reporting
Good Quality Research
- Originality/Novelty
- Contribution to knowledge
- Significance
- Technical soundness
- Critical assessment of existing work
Study Design
- A study design provides a specific plan or protocol that allows the investigator to translate a conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
- It's a framework that includes the methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing data on variables specified in a given research problem.
Anatomy of Research Report
- Title, Authors, Affiliations
- Abstract (summary)
- Introduction/Background
- Materials and Methods
- Results (with figures)
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Author contributions
- References
How to Read a Scientific Paper
- Reading a scientific paper is a skill requiring practice and note-taking.
- It is different from reading a newspaper article.
- Reading the paper's sections in different orders is not unusual.
- Reading previous papers can add context and understanding to the paper being read.
Skimming
- A strategic, selective reading method to grasp main ideas.
- Skip details and focus on introductions, summaries, first/last sentences, bold words, and visuals.
- Previewing (reading before) and reviewing (reading after) are valuable strategies for skimming.
Scanning
- Quickly locating specific information, like key words or specific facts.
- Uses organizational clues and keywords (similar to looking up words in a dictionary or finding a name in contacts).
Detailed Reading/Intensive Reading
- Studying every word to extract accurate information.
- Using dictionaries to ensure full understanding.
- Skimming can be a helpful first step before reading in detail.
Extensive Reading
- Reading for pleasure, pastime, or general understanding.
Research Methods and Methodology
- A collection of methods and techniques to conduct research
- Research methodologies often involve a framework or analysis of the body of methods inherent to a particular field of study.
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Description
Test your understanding of the fundamental concepts of research design and methodology. This quiz covers key aspects such as causation, correlation, bias, and the structure of research studies. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of research.
