Research Design and Methodologies

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Questions and Answers

What is Methodology in the context of research?

A systematic approach used to conduct research, including the design, and data analysis techniques.

Define Research Design.

The overall plan for conducting a research study, which could be experimental, conventional, or descriptive.

What is a Research Instrument?

A tool used to collect data, such as a questionnaire, survey, or interview.

What does Validity refer to in research?

<p>The extent to which a research study measures what it intends to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Reliability in research.

<p>The consistency of research findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Quantitative Research involve?

<p>Research that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Literature Review?

<p>A critical analysis of existing research related to the study topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Hypothesis.

<p>A testable prediction or statement about the relationship between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Abstract in the context of a research study?

<p>A brief summary of a research study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Variable in a research study? Provide examples.

<p>Any factor, trait, or condition that can change or vary in a research study. Examples include independent variables and dependent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Population in research.

<p>The entire group of individuals, objects, or events that are the focus of a research study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Sample in research?

<p>A subset of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Data in research, and what forms can it take?

<p>Information collected during a research study. It can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (descriptive).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Descriptive Statistics used for? Give examples.

<p>Statistics that summarize and describe data, such as mean, median, and mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Inferential Statistics allow researchers to do?

<p>They allow researchers to make inferences about a population based on sample data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Correlation.

<p>A statistical relationship between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Statistical Significance indicate?

<p>It indicates that the results of a statistical test are unlikely to have occurred by chance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Informed Consent?

<p>The process of obtaining voluntary agreements from participants to take part in a research study, after they have been fully informed about the study's purpose and procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

<p>A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure that they completely comply with ethical designs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Research Report?

<p>A formal document that presents the findings of a research report. It is typically written for a specific audience, such as scholars, policymakers, or the general public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major parts of a typical research report structure?

<p>Preliminary pages/Preliminaries, Main body, Concluding parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is typically included on the Title Page of a research report?

<p>Includes the title of the report, the author(s)' names and their affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Abstract in a research report?

<p>This is a summary of the entire report including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusion. It should be concise and informative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Table of Contents in a research report list?

<p>Lists of the different sections of the report and their corresponding page numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the List of Figures and Tables section of a report?

<p>Lists all of the figures and tables that are included in the report.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the optional Acknowledgments section in a research report?

<p>This section is used to thank people who helped with the research, such as funders, advisors, and research participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Introduction section in the main body of a research report?

<p>This section provides background information on the research topic, explains the research question or hypothesis, and outlines the significance of the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the Literature Review section in the main body of a report achieve?

<p>This section reviews existing research on the topic and should show how your research fits into the larger body of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Methodology section of a research report describe?

<p>It describes the methods used to collect and analyse data. It should be detailed enough for other researchers to replicate the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is presented in the Results section of a research report?

<p>It presents the findings of your research. It should be objective and unbiased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Discussion section in a research report?

<p>It interprets the results of your research, explains their significance, and should also discuss any limitations of your study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Conclusion section of a research report do?

<p>It summarizes the main findings of your research and restates the significance of the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is provided in the Recommendation section of a research report?

<p>Provides recommendations for your future research or action based on the finding of your study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the References section of a research report list?

<p>Lists all of the sources that you cited in your report.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Methodology

Systematic approach used to conduct research, including design and data analysis.

Research Instrument

Tool used to gather data (e.g., questionnaire, survey, interview).

Research Design

Overall plan for a research study (e.g., experimental, descriptive).

Validity

Extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure.

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Reliability

Consistency of research findings.

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Quantitative Research

Research involving collection/analysis of numerical data.

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Qualitative Research

Research involving collection/analysis of non-numerical data (text, images).

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Literature Review

Critical analysis of existing research on a topic.

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Abstract

Brief summary of a research study.

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Hypothesis

Testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

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Variable

Any factor that can change or vary in a study.

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Population

Entire group of individuals, objects, or events of interest.

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Sample

A subset of the population.

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Data

Information collected during a study; can be numerical or descriptive.

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Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize and describe data (mean, median, mode).

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Inferential Statistics

Statistics used to make inferences about a population from sample data.

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Correlation

Statistical relationship between two or more variables.

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Statistical Significance

Results unlikely to have occurred by chance.

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Informed Consent

Voluntary agreements from participants after full study information.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee reviewing research proposals for ethical compliance.

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Study Notes

  • Utilized for systematic research execution, encompassing design and data analysis strategies.

Research Design

  • A comprehensive strategy for carrying out a study, including experimental, conventional, and descriptive types.

Research Instrument

  • Used to gather data, like surveys, questionnaires, or interviews.

Validity

  • Measures the accuracy of a study.

Reliability

  • Refers to the research results maintaining consistence.

Quantitative Research

  • Involves gathering and assessing numerical data.

Qualitative Research

  • Includes the analysis of non-numerical data such as text, images, or audio.

Literature Review

  • Includes a critical analysis of current study-related research.

Abstract

  • A concise synopsis of a study.

Hypothesis

  • A falsifiable claim forecasts the correlation among variables.

Variable

  • Any factor, feature, or state that fluctuates or shifts within a study.
  • An independent variable, and a dependent variable are examples.

Population

  • Focuses on all individuals, items, or happenings that are the topic of a research study.

Sample

  • A subset of the population.

Data

  • Gained information during a research project.
  • Numerical(quantitative) or descriptive(qualitative).

Descriptive Statistics

  • Used to summarize and illustrate data, examples are mean, median, and mode.

Inferential Statistics

  • Enables researchers to derive conclusions regarding the population based on sample information.

Correlation

  • Represents a statistical link involving two or more variables.

Statistical Significance

  • The results show that a statistical test are unlikely to have happened randomly.
  • Involves getting people's agreement to participate in a study after providing them with comprehensive details on its goals and procedures.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

  • A group examines research ideas to ensure ethical standards are followed.

Research Report

  • A formal paper outlining the findings of a research project, generally intended for experts, politicians, and other people.

Parts of a Research Report:

  • Preliminary pages (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures and tables, acknowledgments)
  • Main body (introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion)
  • Concluding parts (conclusion, recommendation, references)

Preliminary Pages/Preliminaries

  • Includes the report's title, author's name, and their affiliation.
  • Abstract: Summarizes the report, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusion.
    • Should be brief and educational.
  • Table of Contents: Lists report sections and page numbers.
  • List of Figures and Tables: Provides all included figures and tables in the report
  • Acknowledgments: Thank people who helped with the research, for example funders, advisors, and research participants.

Main Body

  • Introduction: Background details on the study topic.
    • States the study question or hypothesis.
    • Outlines the significance of the research.
  • Literature Review: Assesses studies on the topic.
    • Illustrates how your study connects to broader field knowledge.
  • Methodology: Details what data collecting and analyzing methods were used.
    • Should be detailed for replication proposes.
  • Results: Presents the study results.
    • Should be fair and objective.
  • Discussion: Explains study findings.
    • Discusses study restraints.

Concluding Parts

  • Conclusion: Summarizes the study's core findings and reaffirms its importance.
  • Recommendation: Indicates suggestions for further action and study depending on research results.
  • References: Lists sources cited.

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