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Questions and Answers
What do functional requirements specify?
Which of the following is an example of a non-functional requirement?
What challenge arises from the use of natural language in requirements?
What is the purpose of the feasibility study in the requirements engineering process?
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Which prioritization method categorizes requirements into Must, Should, Could, and Won’t?
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What does the requirements validation process ensure?
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What can lead to misunderstandings about project needs among developers?
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Which of the following criteria is NOT considered important in requirements?
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What is the primary purpose of traceability in requirements management?
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Which type of traceability focuses on linking requirements to stakeholders?
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Why is it important to limit changes to requirements?
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What characterizes Plan-Driven Development?
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What does a well-organized requirements document typically utilize for clarity?
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What role does the Unified Modeling Language (UML) play in system design?
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What is a risk associated with Incremental Development?
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What is a key focus of requirements-based testing?
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Which phase of the Rational Unified Process focuses on establishing the business case?
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Which strategy allows for incremental updates to accommodate change?
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What kind of metrics are used to quantify performance in quality measures?
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What challenge does the invisibility of software present in software engineering?
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What is a primary advantage of using prototypes in software development?
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What is one aspect of the Waterfall Model?
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Which statement is true regarding Incremental Delivery?
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What does the Elaboration phase in RUP emphasize?
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What is emphasized in RUP best practices?
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Which of the following is a core principle of the Agile Manifesto?
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In Scrum, who is primarily responsible for defining and prioritizing product features?
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What challenge is commonly faced by Agile methodologies?
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Which Scrum event involves the team selecting items for the sprint?
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How long do Scrum sprints typically last?
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What is the purpose of timeboxing in Agile?
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Which of the following Agile methods focuses on delivering high-priority features quickly?
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What is the purpose of the Sprint Retrospective in the Scrum framework?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a Scrum artifact?
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What role does the Product Owner play in managing the Product Backlog?
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Which key principle of Scrum focuses on team empowerment and iterative improvements?
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What is primarily tracked by a Burndown Chart?
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In the context of group project reporting, what is a crucial element to include in reports?
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What is an important consideration for effective reporting?
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Which role primarily analyzes options and provides objective assessments within a team?
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Study Notes
Types of Requirements
- Functional requirements define what the system must do.
- Non-functional requirements describe the qualities of the system.
- User requirements are high-level needs written for everyone to understand.
- System requirements are technical and detailed, acting as a contract between the client and developer.
- Requirements can be ambiguous and incomplete due to language and inconsistency among stakeholders.
- Requirements can change, leading to confusion and misalignment.
- Developers may have assumptions about project needs if they lack domain knowledge.
Prioritizing Requirements
- Prioritization frameworks help focus on critical needs.
- Examples include "Shall/Should", MoSCoW, and priority levels.
Requirements Engineering Process
- The feasibility study determines the practicality of the project.
- Requirements elicitation gathers information through interviews, questionnaires, and observations.
- Requirements specification documents the requirements for clarity and alignment.
- Requirements validation verifies that requirements reflect customer needs.
Considerations in Requirements
- Valid, consistent, complete, realistic, verifiable, comprehensible, and traceable requirements are crucial.
- Traceability links requirements to their origin and dependencies for tracking and change management.
- Requirements are expected to change, but changes should be limited to avoid scope creep.
Requirements Documentation
- A well-structured requirements document outlines all requirements.
- Standards like IEEE/ANSI 830-1998 promote clarity and consistency.
- Use cases, diagrams, and structured formats improve communication.
Modelling with UML
- UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a flexible modeling language used to visualize system design.
- Use cases describe system interactions from the user's perspective.
- Other diagrams like activity, sequence, and deployment diagrams provide different system views.
Requirements-Based Testing
- Testing requirements ensures that the system meets both functional and non-functional specifications.
- Qualitative requirement testing measures subjective qualities like usability and reliability.
- Quality measures help quantify performance with metrics like transaction speed and response time.
Quality Boundaries
- Domain experts, standards, and simulations help define acceptable quality levels.
- User input refines expectations and test boundaries.
Challenges in Software Engineering
- Software is complex, requiring unique solutions.
- Software must conform to existing systems and regulations.
- Software often needs to evolve due to external factors.
- Software lacks a physical presence making it difficult to represent.
The Software Process
- The software process is a structured set of activities: specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution.
Plan-Driven vs. Agile Development
- Plan-driven development follows a traditional approach with distinct stages.
- Agile development is iterative with overlapping activities, adapting to changes, and refining requirements during development.
Software Process Models
- The waterfall model is sequential with limited flexibility.
- Incremental development interleaves specification, development, and validation.
- Reuse-oriented development assembles systems from existing components.
Iterative Planning
- Iterative planning combines risk and client-driven priorities to manage high-risk issues early and deliver high-priority features quickly.
Managing Change in Software
- Change is inevitable in software due to business needs, technology advancements, and platform shifts.
- Tolerating change allows for incremental updates.
- Avoiding change involves prototyping and early feedback to refine requirements.
Software Prototyping
- Prototypes provide an initial version of the system for testing and usability.
Incremental Development and Delivery
- Incremental development involves building software in parts with user feedback.
- Incremental delivery allows functional parts to be deployed early.
Rational Unified Process (RUP)
- RUP is a modern process model supporting iterative and incremental development.
- RUP phases include inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
RUP Best Practices
- RUP emphasizes iterative development, requirement management, component-based architecture, visual modelling, quality assurance, and change control.
Agile Background
- Agile methods emerged as a response to rigid document-heavy approaches.
- Agile focuses on rapid iteration, adaptability, and minimal documentation.
Agile Manifesto & Principles
- The Agile Manifesto values individuals, working software, collaboration, and responsiveness to change.
- Agile principles emphasize continuous delivery, customer involvement, self-organizing teams, and simplicity.
Core Agile Techniques
- User stories describe requirements for prioritization.
- Timeboxing limits iterations or meetings to fixed timeframes.
- Releases deliver small functional software parts frequently.
- Refactoring continuously improves code without changing functionality.
Agile Methods
- Popular methods include Scrum, Extreme Programming (XP), and Lean Development.
- Agile methods encourage collaboration and adaptability.
Challenges with Agile
- Agile can struggle with customer engagement, team dynamics, scalability, and complex stakeholder requirements.
- Agile works best for smaller, co-located teams.
Plan-Driven vs. Agile
- The choice depends on project scale, team structure, and system requirements.
- Agile is suitable for flexible, small-team projects.
- Plan-driven is appropriate for larger, heavily regulated systems.
Introduction to Scrum
- Scrum is an agile methodology delivering high-priority features quickly with iterative progress in time-boxed sprints.
Scrum Roles
- The Product Owner defines and prioritizes product features.
- The ScrumMaster facilitates Scrum practices, removes obstacles, and shields the team.
- The Development Team is responsible for delivering software increments.
Scrum Events
- Sprint Planning selects items from the product backlog for the sprint.
- Daily Scrum is a 15-minute meeting where team members share progress, plans, and blockers.
- Sprint Review demonstrates completed work to stakeholders.
- Sprint Retrospective reflects on the sprint to identify improvements.
Scrum Artifacts
- The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of product features.
- The Sprint Backlog includes tasks selected for the sprint.
- The Burndown Chart tracks the progress of tasks towards sprint completion.
Key Principles
- Scrum emphasizes self-organizing teams, continuous feedback, and iterative development.
Scalability
- Scrum can be scaled across multiple teams by adapting based on project size and team distribution.
Types of Reports
- Reports vary by project stage and audience.
- Group projects require multiple report types.
General Report Structure
- Reports should include a title page, abstract, introduction, main sections, conclusions, references, and appendices.
Meeting Minutes
- Meeting minutes record decisions, action items, and plans.
Progress Reports
- Progress reports track project milestones, tasks completed, problems encountered, and solutions.
Effective Reporting Tips
- Consider your audience, maintain consistency in style, structure logically, and ensure grammatical accuracy.
Group Project Reporting Tips
- Produce regular internal reports, follow stage-specific guidelines, and avoid leaving all reporting to the last minute.
Specialist, Plant, Monitor/Evaluator Roles
- The Specialist provides deep knowledge in a specific area.
- The Plant generates ideas and approaches.
- The Monitor/Evaluator analyzes options and provides objective assessments.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of requirements engineering in this quiz. Learn about different types of requirements such as functional, non-functional, user, and system requirements. Delve into prioritization frameworks and the essential processes involved in requirements elicitation and specification.