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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the productive system?
What is the primary function of the productive system?
To produce the special cells (Ova and Sperms) necessary to propagate the next generation.
What are the primary sex organs called?
What are the primary sex organs called?
What are the female gametes called?
What are the female gametes called?
Oocytes
Reproduction is accomplished when the egg cell is fertilized by the sperm cell.
Reproduction is accomplished when the egg cell is fertilized by the sperm cell.
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What structure surrounds the testes?
What structure surrounds the testes?
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What is the reproductive role of the male?
What is the reproductive role of the male?
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What does the epididymis do?
What does the epididymis do?
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What is the singular form of the word "testes"?
What is the singular form of the word "testes"?
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What hormone do the testes produce at the onset of puberty?
What hormone do the testes produce at the onset of puberty?
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What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system? (Select all that apply)
What is the role of the scrotum in the male reproductive system? (Select all that apply)
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What do the seminal glands secrete?
What do the seminal glands secrete?
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What is the function of the prostate gland?
What is the function of the prostate gland?
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What is the function of the bulbo-urethral gland?
What is the function of the bulbo-urethral gland?
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The epididymis is the site of sperm maturation.
The epididymis is the site of sperm maturation.
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The ductus deferens transports sperm to the epididymis.
The ductus deferens transports sperm to the epididymis.
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What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?
What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?
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What are the ductules called when they are located in the head of the epididymis?
What are the ductules called when they are located in the head of the epididymis?
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The tail of the epididymis starts near the inferior border of the testes.
The tail of the epididymis starts near the inferior border of the testes.
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The ductus deferens can store sperm for several months in a state of suspended animation.
The ductus deferens can store sperm for several months in a state of suspended animation.
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Where are the seminal glands located?
Where are the seminal glands located?
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The secretion ejected by the smooth muscle lining the seminal glands stimulates flagellum movement in sperm.
The secretion ejected by the smooth muscle lining the seminal glands stimulates flagellum movement in sperm.
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The seminal glands produce about 60 percent of the semen volume.
The seminal glands produce about 60 percent of the semen volume.
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Semen contains both sperm and seminal fluid.
Semen contains both sperm and seminal fluid.
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Which of the following secretions contribute to the composition of semen?
Which of the following secretions contribute to the composition of semen?
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The prostate gland produces about 20-30 percent of the semen volume.
The prostate gland produces about 20-30 percent of the semen volume.
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What is the antibiotic found in prostatic secretions?
What is the antibiotic found in prostatic secretions?
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Where are the bulbo-urethral glands located?
Where are the bulbo-urethral glands located?
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The bulbo-urethral glands secrete a thick, alkaline mucus.
The bulbo-urethral glands secrete a thick, alkaline mucus.
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The urethra passes through the scrotum to exit the body.
The urethra passes through the scrotum to exit the body.
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The vas deferens transports sperm to the urethra.
The vas deferens transports sperm to the urethra.
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The Cowper's glands release fluids that lubricate the vagina during sexual intercourse.
The Cowper's glands release fluids that lubricate the vagina during sexual intercourse.
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What does the word "spermatogenesis" mean?
What does the word "spermatogenesis" mean?
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Spermatogenesis involves three processes: mitosis and cell division, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.
Spermatogenesis involves three processes: mitosis and cell division, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.
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Mitosis produces four haploid cells, each with 23 individual chromosomes.
Mitosis produces four haploid cells, each with 23 individual chromosomes.
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Daughter cells produced in mitosis are diploid.
Daughter cells produced in mitosis are diploid.
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During which process do stem cells undergo mitosis to form two daughter cells?
During which process do stem cells undergo mitosis to form two daughter cells?
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One cell remains in contact with the tubule basement membrane during mitosis.
One cell remains in contact with the tubule basement membrane during mitosis.
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The other daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte.
The other daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte.
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It takes 16 days for a spermatogonium to develop into a primary spermatocyte.
It takes 16 days for a spermatogonium to develop into a primary spermatocyte.
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Meiosis is a special form of cell division involved in gamete production.
Meiosis is a special form of cell division involved in gamete production.
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Synapsis involves pairing of corresponding material and paternal chromosomes to form 23 chromosomes.
Synapsis involves pairing of corresponding material and paternal chromosomes to form 23 chromosomes.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in Meiosis I?
Which of the following is NOT a step in Meiosis I?
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Each primary spermatocyte begins with 46 chromosomes.
Each primary spermatocyte begins with 46 chromosomes.
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Each primary spermatocyte produces two secondary spermatocytes.
Each primary spermatocyte produces two secondary spermatocytes.
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Each secondary spermatocyte contains 23 chromosomes.
Each secondary spermatocyte contains 23 chromosomes.
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Each chromosome in a secondary spermatocyte has a pair of duplicate chromatids.
Each chromosome in a secondary spermatocyte has a pair of duplicate chromatids.
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It takes 24 days from a primary spermatocyte to become a secondary spermatocyte.
It takes 24 days from a primary spermatocyte to become a secondary spermatocyte.
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Secondary spermatocytes divide during Meiosis II.
Secondary spermatocytes divide during Meiosis II.
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Each spermatid contains 46 chromosomes.
Each spermatid contains 46 chromosomes.
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A primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids.
A primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids.
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Spermiogenesis involves the physical maturation of sperm.
Spermiogenesis involves the physical maturation of sperm.
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It takes 24 days from a spermatid to mature into a sperm cell.
It takes 24 days from a spermatid to mature into a sperm cell.
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Spermatogenesis is the process of making an egg cell.
Spermatogenesis is the process of making an egg cell.
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The acrosome contains the genetic material of the sperm cell.
The acrosome contains the genetic material of the sperm cell.
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The head of the sperm contains the nucleus.
The head of the sperm contains the nucleus.
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The middle piece of the sperm contains mitochondria.
The middle piece of the sperm contains mitochondria.
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The tail of the sperm cell is responsible for its movement.
The tail of the sperm cell is responsible for its movement.
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Sperm released from the testes are capable of fertilization.
Sperm released from the testes are capable of fertilization.
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Capacitation enables the sperm to become motile and functional.
Capacitation enables the sperm to become motile and functional.
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Sperm become motile when mixed with seminal fluid.
Sperm become motile when mixed with seminal fluid.
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The penis conducts urine to the exterior.
The penis conducts urine to the exterior.
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The glans of the penis is covered by a fold of tissue called the prepuce.
The glans of the penis is covered by a fold of tissue called the prepuce.
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The ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina are part of the internal genitalia.
The ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina are part of the internal genitalia.
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The female external genitalia includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin glands, clitoris, and urethra.
The female external genitalia includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin glands, clitoris, and urethra.
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The vagina is the site of sperm deposition.
The vagina is the site of sperm deposition.
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The uterus is where the egg is fertilized.
The uterus is where the egg is fertilized.
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The uterus is a hollow organ with thick muscular walls.
The uterus is a hollow organ with thick muscular walls.
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The uterine tubes are also known as the fallopian tubes.
The uterine tubes are also known as the fallopian tubes.
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The infundibulum is a funnel-like expansion at the end of the ovary.
The infundibulum is a funnel-like expansion at the end of the ovary.
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The infundibulum is connected to the uterus.
The infundibulum is connected to the uterus.
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The uterine tubes are lined with ciliated epithelium.
The uterine tubes are lined with ciliated epithelium.
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The ampulla is the shortest segment of the fallopian tube.
The ampulla is the shortest segment of the fallopian tube.
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The isthmus is the short segment of the fallopian tube connected to the uterine wall.
The isthmus is the short segment of the fallopian tube connected to the uterine wall.
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The ovaries produce female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone.
The ovaries produce female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone.
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Oogenesis begins at puberty.
Oogenesis begins at puberty.
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Oogonia, the female stem cells, undergo mitosis prior to birth.
Oogonia, the female stem cells, undergo mitosis prior to birth.
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Oogonia produce one oogonium and one primary oocyte.
Oogonia produce one oogonium and one primary oocyte.
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Primary oocytes begin meiosis I but stop at prophase I until puberty.
Primary oocytes begin meiosis I but stop at prophase I until puberty.
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Rising FSH levels trigger the start of the ovarian cycle.
Rising FSH levels trigger the start of the ovarian cycle.
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Each month, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to complete meiosis I.
Each month, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to complete meiosis I.
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Meiosis I yields a haploid secondary oocyte.
Meiosis I yields a haploid secondary oocyte.
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The ovary releases a secondary oocyte.
The ovary releases a secondary oocyte.
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The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II during ovulation.
The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II during ovulation.
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At fertilization, the secondary oocyte divides into a second polar body and a mature ovum.
At fertilization, the secondary oocyte divides into a second polar body and a mature ovum.
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The corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
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Progesterone stimulates maturation of the uterine lining for implantation.
Progesterone stimulates maturation of the uterine lining for implantation.
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The corpus luteum forms about 10-14 days after ovulation.
The corpus luteum forms about 10-14 days after ovulation.
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The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.
The ovarian and uterine cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.
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The ovarian and uterine cycles operate independently.
The ovarian and uterine cycles operate independently.
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The first step in ovarian hormonal regulation is the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone – GnRH.
The first step in ovarian hormonal regulation is the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone – GnRH.
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GnRH causes the production and secretion of both FSH and LH.
GnRH causes the production and secretion of both FSH and LH.
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During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to become tertiary follicles.
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to become tertiary follicles.
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As follicles develop, FSH levels increase.
As follicles develop, FSH levels increase.
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Developing follicles secrete estrogens, primarily estradiol.
Developing follicles secrete estrogens, primarily estradiol.
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Low levels of estrogen inhibit LH secretion.
Low levels of estrogen inhibit LH secretion.
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Inhibition of LH decreases as estrogen levels climb.
Inhibition of LH decreases as estrogen levels climb.
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A surge in LH occurs on or around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
A surge in LH occurs on or around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
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The luteal phase begins before ovulation.
The luteal phase begins before ovulation.
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Progesterone levels decrease during the luteal phase.
Progesterone levels decrease during the luteal phase.
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The corpus luteum secretes estrogen during the luteal phase.
The corpus luteum secretes estrogen during the luteal phase.
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Progesterone inhibits ovulation.
Progesterone inhibits ovulation.
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The mammary glands produce milk for developing infants.
The mammary glands produce milk for developing infants.
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Milk production is controlled by hormones released by the reproductive system and the placenta.
Milk production is controlled by hormones released by the reproductive system and the placenta.
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Study Notes
The Reproductive System
- The main function of the reproductive system is producing the cells necessary for creating the next generation (ova and sperm).
- There are two types of reproductive systems: female and male.
- Both systems have primary sex organs called gonads.
- Ovaries are the female gonads, producing ova (female gametes).
- Testes are the male gonads, producing sperm (male gametes).
- Reproduction occurs when the egg (female gamete) is fertilized by the sperm (male gamete).
Reproduction
- The primary function of the reproductive system is producing the special cells (ova and sperm) necessary for reproduction.
- Two reproductive forms exist: female and male.
- Both systems have primary sex organs called gonads.
- Female gametes are called oocytes.
- Male gametes are called sperms.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system consists of testes, ducts, and glands.
- Men's role is to produce viable sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system.
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External Genitalia:
- Penis: Contains erectile tissue to deposit sperm in the female's vagina
- Urethra: Conducts semen to the exterior
- Scrotum: Surrounds the testes
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Internal Genitalia:
- Ductus deferens: Conducts sperm between epididymis and prostate
- Seminal glands: Secrete fluid that makes up most of the semen volume
- Prostate: Secretes fluid and enzymes
- Bulbo-urethral glands: Produce a clear mucus to neutralize acidic urine and lubricate the urethra during ejaculation.
- Epididymis: Site of sperm maturation.
- Testis: Produce sperm
- Sperm: Sperm cells have a tail, head, and neck.
- Sperm are produced in the testes throughout a male's life.
- The testes descend into the scrotum during puberty.
- Testis size is approximately 5 cm long, 3 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick, and weighs 10-15 g.
- Puberty triggers the testes to produce testosterone.
Male Reproductive Structures
- Spermatogenesis: The process of sperm production.
- Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells containing 23 pairs of chromosomes. These are called diploid cells.
- Mitosis occurs in seminiferous tubules, producing two diploid daughter cells.
- One daughter cell remains in contact with the tubule basement membrane.
- The other daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte.
- Meiosis is a special form of cell division for gamete production.
- It has two cycles (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
- Meiosis produces four haploid cells, each having 23 individual chromosomes.
- Meiosis I and the subsequent formation of spermatids take approximately 24 days to complete.
- Sperm maturation takes about 24 days to complete, resulting in a mature single sperm.
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Sperm Structure:
- Head (contains densely packed chromosomes)
- Neck (contains centrioles and microtubules)
- Midpiece (has mitochondria for ATP provision)
- Tail (flagellum).
Activation of Sperm
- Sperm released from the testes are mature but immobile.
- Other male reproductive parts aid in maturation, nourishment, storage, and transport of spermatozoa.
- Capacitation: Process enabling sperm to become motile and functional.
- It usually involves two steps:
- Sperm motility when mixed with seminal gland secretions
- Sperm fertilization capability when exposed to the female reproductive tract.
The Penis
- The penis is the male sex organ. The glans is the enlarged tip of the penis. The foreskin covers the glans.
- The penis has two functions:
- Conduct urine to the exterior
- Introduce semen into the female vagina during sexual intercourse
Hormonal Interactions
- Testosterone maintains male sexual function.
- Hypothalamus secrets gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
- GnRH directly targets the anterior pituitary gland.
- Anterior pituitary gland produces two gonadotropins.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): Targets interstitial cells in the testes, stimulating testosterone production.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Targets nurse cells of seminiferous tubules, promoting spermatogenesis.
- Testosterone levels are regulated by negative feedback.
- High testosterone levels reduce GnRH release.
- Nurse cells secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP).
- ABP aids in testosterone maturation.
- Nurse cells also secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH.
- Peripheral effects of testosterone include maintaining libido, stimulating bone and muscle growth, and establishing secondary male sexual characteristics.
Procedures
- Vasectomy: Surgery cutting the vas deferens, preventing sperm from leaving the penis.
- Castration: Removal or destruction of testicles or the use of drugs to suppress their function. Surgical or chemical castration can be used.
The Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs.
- Main parts are the uterus, and the ovaries.
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system (also called the female genital system), comprises internal and external organs.
- The organs include the uterus (which houses the growing fetus), produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and channels sperm towards the fallopian tubes.
- The ovaries produce the female's egg.
Overall Functions
- The female reproductive system's functions include producing sex hormones, creating functional gametes, protecting and supporting developing embryos, maintaining a growing fetus, and providing nourishment for newborns.
Female External Organs
- Collectively called genitalia.
- Major external organs include the clitoris, mons pubis, labia majora, and minora, Bartholin glands, and the vaginal orifice.
Female External Reproductive Organs
- Vulva: Outer genitals (including mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin glands, clitoris, and urethra).
- Female internal genitalia: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
- Mammary glands: Produce milk for nourishing infants.
- External genitalia serves three main functions: Enabling sperm entry, protecting internal genital organs from infection.
Major Female Reproductive Organs
- Ovary: Almond-shaped organs near the pelvic cavity.
- Production of immature female gametes (oocytes).
- Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone).
- Secretion of inhibin (inhibiting FSH production).
Uterine Tubes
- Hollow, muscular tubes (also called fallopian tubes) connected to the uterus (~13 cm long).
- Lined with ciliated epithelium.
- Distal part connects to the uterus.
- Infundibulum: Funnel-like expansion adjacent to the ovary with fingerlike projections (fimbriae). The fimbriae extend into the pelvic cavity and draping over the ovary.
- Ampulla: Muscular middle segment of the uterine tube
- Isthmus: Short segment of the uterine tube that connects to the uterine wall
Uterine Tubes and the Uterus
- The uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), transfer sperm, and the oocyte (or fetus) to the uterus.
- Oocyte transport involves ciliary movement, smooth muscle contraction in the uterine tubes. This movement may take between 3-4 days.
- Uterus: Hollow, muscular organ that holds the growing embryo and fetus. The uterus provides mechanical protection and nourishment to the embryo and fetus, and its muscular wall contractions are important in childbirth.
- Layers of uterine wall: Perimetrium, Myometrium, and Endometrium.
- The Uterus has distinct cavities: Uterine cavity; Internal os (opening to cervix); Cervical canal, and External os.
The Vagina
- Begins just inside the vaginal opening with the hymen, and is a muscular tube (~4-5 inches).
- It extends from the cervix to external genital organs.
- Its functions include sexual intercourse, semen receptor, the passage of menstrual discharge.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries during the ovarian cycle (28 days).
- It involves the formation and development of the oocyte (egg).
- Oogenesis begins before birth, accelerating during puberty and ceasing at menopause.
- The nuclear events during oogenesis are the same as those in spermatogenesis.
Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle Steps
- Mitosis of oogonium (plural, oogonia)—female reproductive stem cells.
- Mitosis is complete before birth.
- For each oogonium, one oogonium and one primary oocyte are produced.
- Meiosis I starts between the 3rd and 7th month of fetal development.
- Primary oocytes begin meiosis I but stop at prophase I until puberty.
- Rising FSH levels signal the start of the ovarian cycle. Each month, some primary oocytes are stimulated to complete meiosis I.
- Meiosis I produces one haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- The secondary oocyte, which contains most of the cytoplasm, is released and is not yet a mature ovum.
- During fertilization, if a sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte which then divides into a mature ovum and a second polar body.
Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle: Further Stages (cycle, follicles, etc)
- Ovarian cycle: involves changes in ovarian follicles (specialized structures where oocytes grow and meiosis I occurs).
- Roughly 2 million primordial follicles exist at birth.
- By puberty, only about 400,000 primordial follicles remain.
- FSH hormone stimulates the development of several ovarian follicles during each month.
- Primordial follicle: Inactive primary oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous layer of follicle cells.
- Formation of Primary Follicle: Follicular cells enlarge, divide, and form several layers around the primary oocyte ( now called granulosa cells). Zona pellucida (translucent region) forms around the oocyte and thecal endocrine cells form around the follicle,
- Formation of Secondary Follicle: Follicle wall thickens, and follicular cells secrete fluid. Fluid-filled pockets expand and separate the inner and outer layers of the follicle. Formation of tertiary follicular/mature graafian follicle: One secondary follicle becomes a tertiary or mature follicle. Tertiary follicles have a clear expanded chamber (antrum) filled with follicular fluid, and a secondary oocyte in the antrum..
- Ovulation: The tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte and corona radiata into the pelvic cavity.
- Formation of Corpus Luteum: The empty tertiary follicle collapses, and remaining granulosa cells proliferate. These cells secrete progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone stimulates uterine lining maturation.
- Formation of Corpus Albicans: A knot of pale scar tissue formed from the degeneration of the corpus luteum (occurs if fertilization does not occur)
The Mammary Glands
- Each breast has a mammary gland which produces milk..
- Milk production is controlled by hormones released from the reproductive system and placenta.
- Located on the anterior chest, directly over the pectoralis major muscle.
Structure of the Mammary Gland
- Embedded in subcutaneous fat deep to the skin.
- Suspensory ligaments of the breast are bands of dense connective tissue surrounding the duct system that form partitions between the lobes.
- The mammary gland is divided into lobes. Each lobe has secretory lobules with secretory alveoli.
- Ducts from each lobule converge into a single lactiferous duct per lobe
- Each lactiferous duct expands into a lactiferous sinus near the nipple.
- Nipple: Conical projection; 15-20 lactiferous sinuses open onto body surface.
- Areola: Reddish-brown skin around the nipple, with sebaceous glands.
Hormonal Interactions (Ovarian and Uterine Cycles)
- The ovarian and uterine cycle are regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.
- These cycles are controlled by cyclical changes in hormones, which must operate synchronously for the reproductive function to proceed.
Ovarian Cycle (Steps)
- Release of GnRH from the hypothalamus triggers the production and secretion of FSH and the production (not secretion) of LH.
- Follicular Phase: Begins when FSH stimulates secondary follicles to become tertiary follicles. FSH levels decline (due to inhibin), but estrogen production rises from developing follicles and this inhibits LH secretion.
- Luteal Phase: GnRH and elevated estrogen levels trigger a massive LH surge around day 14. The surge completes meiosis I, ruptures the follicular wall, ovulates the secondary oocyte, and forms the corpus luteum. - The corpus luteum secretes progesterone that stimulates and sustains endometrial development, and high progesterone levels increase, and estrogen decreases to suppress GnRH.
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Explore the essential functions and components of the reproductive system in this quiz. Learn about the roles of male and female reproductive organs and how reproduction occurs through gametes. Test your knowledge on this vital biological system.
