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Sexual reproduction involves only one parent.
Sexual reproduction involves only one parent.
False
What is the process called when a genome is changed through the rearranging and combining of genes?
What is the process called when a genome is changed through the rearranging and combining of genes?
Sex
What is the name of the process where offspring inherit all their genes from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm?
What is the name of the process where offspring inherit all their genes from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm?
Asexual reproduction
What is the cell called which is formed by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell?
What is the cell called which is formed by the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell?
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What is the name of the structure that contains one egg cell and follicle cells that help the egg develop?
What is the name of the structure that contains one egg cell and follicle cells that help the egg develop?
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Asexual organisms are very susceptible to mutations.
Asexual organisms are very susceptible to mutations.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the male reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the male reproductive system?
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What is the name of the coiled tube in the male reproductive system where sperm mature?
What is the name of the coiled tube in the male reproductive system where sperm mature?
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What is the name of the structure that adds fluid to sperm to create semen?
What is the name of the structure that adds fluid to sperm to create semen?
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What is the process called where sperm travels down the vas deferens and exits the penis?
What is the process called where sperm travels down the vas deferens and exits the penis?
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The scrotum helps regulate the temperature of the testes, keeping them slightly warmer than body temperature.
The scrotum helps regulate the temperature of the testes, keeping them slightly warmer than body temperature.
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What is the process called by which sperm cells develop?
What is the process called by which sperm cells develop?
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What is the name of the cells which develop to form sperm cells?
What is the name of the cells which develop to form sperm cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system?
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What is the name given to the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus?
What is the name given to the tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus?
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A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have.
A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have.
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What is the stage called where follicles develop and a dominant follicle is selected?
What is the stage called where follicles develop and a dominant follicle is selected?
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What is the stage called where the corpus luteum develops and produces hormones after the release of the egg?
What is the stage called where the corpus luteum develops and produces hormones after the release of the egg?
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What is the name of the inner layer of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle?
What is the name of the inner layer of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle?
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The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.
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What is the main hormone responsible for the growth and development of the endometrium?
What is the main hormone responsible for the growth and development of the endometrium?
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What is the stage of the menstrual cycle called where the endometrium is shed?
What is the stage of the menstrual cycle called where the endometrium is shed?
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What is the name of the structure that forms after a follicle releases an egg?
What is the name of the structure that forms after a follicle releases an egg?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the body for pregnancy?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the body for pregnancy?
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The menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle are separate processes.
The menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle are separate processes.
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If a woman does not become pregnant, the corpus luteum will remain active and continue to produce progesterone.
If a woman does not become pregnant, the corpus luteum will remain active and continue to produce progesterone.
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What is the process called where the sperm's acrosomal enzymes break down the jelly coat surrounding the egg?
What is the process called where the sperm's acrosomal enzymes break down the jelly coat surrounding the egg?
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What is the name of the early stage of embryonic development where the zygote divides and forms multiple cells?
What is the name of the early stage of embryonic development where the zygote divides and forms multiple cells?
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Which stage of early embryonic development is characterized by a hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass?
Which stage of early embryonic development is characterized by a hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass?
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The inner cell mass of a blastocyst will develop into the placenta.
The inner cell mass of a blastocyst will develop into the placenta.
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What is the name of the process where the blastocyst implants in the endometrium of the uterus?
What is the name of the process where the blastocyst implants in the endometrium of the uterus?
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What is the period of pregnancy called where the developing embryo undergoes significant development?
What is the period of pregnancy called where the developing embryo undergoes significant development?
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What stage of pregnancy is characterized by the expansion of the uterus and the development of the fetus?
What stage of pregnancy is characterized by the expansion of the uterus and the development of the fetus?
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Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy.
Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy.
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Which of the following is a common method of contraception that involves preventing ovulation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a common method of contraception that involves preventing ovulation? (Select all that apply)
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Barrier methods of contraception can stop sperm and egg from meeting.
Barrier methods of contraception can stop sperm and egg from meeting.
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What is the name of the stage of labor where the cervix dilates to allow the fetus to pass through?
What is the name of the stage of labor where the cervix dilates to allow the fetus to pass through?
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The expulsion stage of labor is when the baby is delivered.
The expulsion stage of labor is when the baby is delivered.
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Study Notes
Reproductive System Overview
- The reproductive system is responsible for the creation of offspring.
- Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual.
Sex vs. Reproduction
- Sex: A process that alters a genome by gene rearrangement and combination.
- Reproduction: Adds individuals to a population.
Asexual Reproduction
- Offspring genes come from one parent.
- No fusion of egg and sperm.
- Methods include binary fission, budding, and fragmentation.
Example of Asexual Reproduction
- Fragmentation occurs in some sponges, cnidarians, polychaetes, annelids, and tunicates.
- Sea stars can regenerate lost limbs; only species in the genus Linckia can form new individuals from broken arms.
Sexual Reproduction
- Typically involves two parents.
- Special germ cells unite to form a zygote.
- Recombines parental characteristics, creating a richer diversity within a population.
- Mutations are quickly expressed and selected in haploid asexual organisms.
- A normal gene on the homologous chromosome can mask a gene mutation in sexual reproduction.
- The costs of sexual reproduction are greater than asexual methods: more complicated, utilizes more time, uses more energy.
Sexual Reproduction: Costs
- The cost of meiosis to females is the passing of only half of their genes to offspring.
- Production of males reduces resources for females who could produce eggs.
Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization
- Aquatic animals often use external fertilization, discharging gametes into the water where fertilization occurs.
- Nearly all terrestrial animals use internal fertilization through sperm deposition within the female body.
Hermaphrodites
- Some species are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive systems.
- Some hermaphrodites can fertilize their own eggs, while others need a partner.
Male Reproductive Anatomy
- The testes produce millions of sperm daily from puberty to old age.
- Sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra during ejaculation.
Accessory Glands
- Seminal vesicles and prostate glands add fluid to nourish sperm and protect them from vaginal acidity.
- Fluid travels to the urethra.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules grow into primary spermatocytes.
- After meiosis, these become secondary spermatocytes and ultimately spermatids.
- Finally, spermatids mature into sperm cells.
Male Reproductive Anatomy: Scrotum
- The scrotum keeps sperm-forming cells cooler than body temperature, supporting optimal sperm development.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system comprises ovaries (gonads), uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, accessory glands, external genitalia, and breasts.
Ovaries
- Ovaries produce female gametes (egg cells).
- Follicles nurture developing eggs.
- Most follicles are formed before birth.
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular phase: Small antral follicles develop into a dominant follicle which develops and matures until ovulation.
- Midcycle: Gonadotropin surges trigger ovulation of the dominant follicle.
- Luteal phase: Corpus luteum forms, releasing progesterone and estrogen. The corpus luteum degenerates if pregnancy doesn't occur, leading to decreased progesterone and estrogen levels.
Uterine Cycle
- The uterine cycle supports the potential for implantation during the reproductive cycle.
Menstrual Cycle
- Proliferative stage: Estrogen increases and results in the thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium). Uterine glands and arteries also grow.
- Secretory stage: Progesterone acts on the endometrium, initiating the secretion of mucus and coiling of uterine arteries, preparing it for a possible pregnancy.
No Fertilization
- If a pregnancy doesn't occur, the endometrial lining begins to degenerate.
- Days 24–28 of the uterine cycle mark the premenstrual phase.
Fertilization
- Sperm and ovum unite. First polar body formed.
- Sperm enzymes digest jelly coat surrounding the egg; plasma membranes fuse.
- Sperm nucleus goes into the egg cytoplasm.
- The sperm and egg chromosomes intermingle.
Cleavage of Fertilized Egg
- Cell division begins rapidly in the fertilized egg.
- 2-cell stage, followed by 4-cell stage, and 8-cell stage, leading to a developing blastocyst. The zona pellucida begins to degenerate.
Implantation
- Blastocyst implants in the uterine lining, endometrium.
Changes in Uterus During Pregnancy
- Stages of prenatal development in the female are displayed to illustrate the changing size and form of the uterus during pregnancy.
Dilation Stage
- This encompasses the final stages of labor, the process via which the baby is eventually expelled.
Contraception
- Contraception involves strategies for preventing pregnancy.
- Techniques include preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.
Hormone-based Contraceptives
- Hormone-based contraceptives include oral pills, vaginal rings, transdermal patches, injected hormones, and hormonal IUDs.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of the reproductive system, including the distinctions between sexual and asexual reproduction. Understand various methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, and learn how sexual reproduction fosters genetic diversity. This quiz will test your knowledge of these fundamental biological concepts.
