Reproductive System Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

The reproductive system includes which of the following?

  • Gonads and external genitalia
  • Ducts that receive and transport the gametes
  • Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What does the reproductive system produce?

    Gametes

    What is the special type of cell division required to produce gametes?

    Meiosis

    The order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus is __________.

    <p>Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the __________.

    <p>Ductus deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spermatic cord?

    <p>A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interstitial cells produce __________.

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm production occur?

    <p>Seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm develop from stem cells called __________.

    <p>Spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spermiogenesis produce?

    <p>Spermatizoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gland produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen?

    <p>Seminal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete thick alkaline mucus?

    <p>Bulbo urethral glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the penis in reproduction?

    <p>Delivers semen into the female reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fold of skin that covers the glans penis called?

    <p>Prepuce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urethral meatus is an opening in the __________.

    <p>Glans penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?

    <p>Corpus spongiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the paired erectile bodies in the penis called?

    <p>Corpora cavernosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of FSH in males?

    <p>Initiate sperm production in the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pituitary hormone stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes fructose to nourish sperm?

    <p>Seminal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures can be found inside the spermatic cord?

    <p>Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, ductus deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nurse cells responsible for?

    <p>Forming the blood testis barrier, coordinating spermatogenesis, and secreting inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary spermatocyte matures into how many spermatids, and how many chromosomes do they have?

    <p>Four; 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are spermatozoa functionally matured?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are interstitial cells also known as?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ductus deferens is approximately how long?

    <p>40-45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a mature human spermatozoan, the head contains how many chromosomes?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical ejaculation releases approximately how many sperm?

    <p>250 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is testosterone secreted?

    <p>Interstitial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the contraction of the cremaster muscles?

    <p>Tenses the scrotal sac and pulls the testes closer to the body cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best matches the term endometrium?

    <p>Consists of a functional zone and basilar zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broad ligament?

    <p>An extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ transports the ovum to the uterus?

    <p>Uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surge in luteinizing hormone during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________.

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for follicle maturation at the beginning of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>A rise in blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, what occurs?

    <p>The fertilized ovum implants, progesterone levels are high, endometrial glands enlarge, the corpus luteum is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All are true of the vagina except that it loses a portion of its lining during menses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vulva includes the vagina.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is called __________.

    <p>The menses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clitoris is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males and engorges with blood during sexual arousal. What are its other characteristics?

    <p>Is topped by a small erectile gland, contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of __________.

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete __________.

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not an action of estrogen?

    <p>Mimics the symptoms of menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina called?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the vagina that surrounds the cervix?

    <p>Fornix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description that best matches the term round ligament?

    <p>Enters the inguinal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description that best matches the term myometrium?

    <p>Thick layer of smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both the testes and ovaries do not produce progesterone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The broad ligament attaches to all organs except __________.

    <p>Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ovary?

    <p>Secretion of hormones, production of oocytes, formation of immature gametes, secretion of inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another term for vulva is __________.

    <p>Female external genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sample of a woman's blood showing high levels of progesterone and inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH indicates she is experiencing what phase of the uterine cycle?

    <p>The secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FSH do?

    <p>Stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in __________.

    <p>Luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscles?

    <p>Ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen levels rise after menopause.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thick muscular layer of the uterus called?

    <p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive System Overview

    • Comprises gonads, external genitalia, ducts for gamete transport, accessory glands, and copulatory organs.
    • Functions include production, storage, transportation, and nourishment of gametes.

    Gamete Production and Meiosis

    • Gametes are produced through meiosis, a specialized cell division.
    • Spermatozoa develop from stem cells known as spermatogonia.

    Male Reproductive Structures

    • Sperm journey: Testis → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra.
    • Ductus deferens transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
    • Spermatic cord contains ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
    • Interstitial cells, also known as Leydig cells, produce androgens like testosterone.

    Sperm Production and Maturation

    • Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules undergo spermiogenesis to form spermatozoa.
    • Functional maturation of sperm occurs in the epididymis.
    • Contraction of cremaster muscles elevates testes, regulating temperature essential for sperm production.

    Seminal and Accessory Glands

    • Seminal glands secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm, containing fructose and prostaglandins.
    • Prostate gland produces alkaline secretion; Bulbo urethral glands secrete thick mucus.

    Penis Anatomy

    • The penis is responsible for delivering semen into the female reproductive tract.
    • Prepuce protects the glans penis, while corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra.
    • Corpora cavernosa constitutes the paired erectile bodies in the penis.

    Hormonal Regulation in Males

    • FSH initiates sperm production; LH stimulates testosterone secretion from interstitial cells.
    • A typical ejaculation contains approximately 250 million sperm.

    Female Reproductive System Overview

    • The broad ligament is an extensive mesentery enclosing the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.
    • Ovaries secrete hormones, produce oocytes, and secrete inhibin.

    Oogenesis and Follicle Development

    • Oogonia complete mitosis before puberty; fall in progesterone leads to menstruation.
    • Luteinizing hormone surge triggers ovulation.
    • Follicle maturation is stimulated by a rise in FSH.

    Menstrual Cycle Phases

    • Average menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, with a secretory phase marked by high progesterone.
    • Endometrial lining is categorized into functional and basilar zones.

    Vagina and Vulva

    • Vagina surrounds cervix, which projects into the vagina; contains a fornix.
    • The vulva includes external structures but excludes the vagina.

    Uterine Anatomy

    • Infundibulum of the uterine tube captures the ovum during ovulation.
    • Myometrium is the thick muscular layer of the uterus, aiding in childbirth.

    Hormonal Interactions and Changes

    • Granulosa cells secrete estradiol; estrogen levels influence reproductive cycles.
    • Drops in progesterone levels trigger menstruation; levels do not rise post-menopause.
    • High levels of progesterone and inhibin indicate the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

    Functional Comparisons

    • Both ovaries and testes produce hormones, but only ovaries produce oocytes and progesterone.
    • The broad ligament does not attach to the urinary bladder, focusing instead on reproductive organs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the reproductive system with these flashcards. Explore key terms and definitions related to gametes, organ functions, and specialized cell division. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.

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