60 Questions
What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
Oogenesis produces one functional ovum, while spermatogenesis produces four functional sperm
What happens to the primary oocytes in the infant female's ovaries?
They are arrested in prophase of meiosis 1
What is the fate of the polar bodies in oogenesis?
They are nonfunctional and degenerate
What is the role of Type A spermatogonia in spermatogenesis?
They divide by mitosis to maintain the germ cell line
What stimulates the hypothalamus to release Prolactin Releasing Factors (PRF)?
Increased levels of placental estrogens, progesterone, and human placental lactogen
What does colostrum consist of?
More protein, vitamin A, minerals, and IgA antibodies, and almost no fat
What is the role of oxytocin in lactation?
Causes let down reflex and ejection of milk from the breasts
How many chromosomes are present in human gamete cells?
23
What determines one's sex in humans?
Presence of X and Y chromosomes
How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in human cells?
23
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human cells?
46
What are sex chromosomes in humans?
X and Y
Which of the following is not a component of the male duct system?
Seminal vesicles
What is the main function of the accessory sex glands in males?
Produce fructose
Which nervous systems control male sexual response involving erection and ejaculation?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is impotence?
Inability to attain erection
Which cells are responsible for testosterone production?
Leydig cells
What triggers the hypothalamic secretion of GnRH leading to increased LH secretion and testosterone production?
Puberty
Which hormone enhances sperm motility?
Relaxin
What is the function of seminalplasmin?
Suppress the immune response in a female’s reproductive tract
How much semen does an ejaculation typically contain?
3-5mL
What is the main component of semen?
Sperm
Which of the following is not a male characteristic promoted by testosterone?
Breast development
Which of the following is not a part of the penis?
Seminal vesicles
Which organ receives the ovulated oocyte and is the site of fertilization?
Fallopian tubes
Where are the ovarian follicles with oocytes located?
Ovaries
Which organ is a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ with various regions and supported by ligaments?
Uterus
Where does the vagina extend from and to?
Cervix to the exterior
Which glands produce milk and are surrounded by adipose and fibrous tissues?
Mammary glands
Which hormones have various effects on the female reproductive system?
Estrogen and progesterone
Is female sexual response similar to males?
Yes, but orgasm is not necessary for conception
What is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?
Fallopian tubes
What are the paired glands held in position by ligaments and contain ovarian follicles with oocytes?
Ovaries
Which organ has a hollow, thick-walled, muscular structure and is supported by ligaments?
Uterus
Where does the menstrual cycle involve cyclic changes?
Uterine endometrium
What are the external genitalia structures included in the vulva?
Various external genitalia structures
What is the developmental stage from the start of cleavage until the ninth week?
Embryo
What hormone does the blastocyst secrete to facilitate implantation in the uterine wall?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
What stimulates the release of large quantities of estrogen towards the end of pregnancy?
Rising levels of fetal adrenocortical hormone
What is the role of estrogen rise towards the end of pregnancy?
Formation of abundant oxytocin receptors and antagonist for progesterone influence on uterine muscle
What hormone causes the placenta to release prostaglandins, playing a major role in the softening and thinning of the cervix before labor?
Oxytocin
What initiates the process of labor and lactation through a complex interplay of hormones?
Progesterone withdrawal
What does the zygote develop into after the first cell division?
Blastocyst
What is the function of the corpus luteum in the secretory phase?
Production of progesterone
At what stage does the fetus have all organ systems formed and undergo growth and organ specialization?
After 8 weeks
What hormone is involved in the feedback mechanism for labor and lactation?
Oxytocin
What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the fertilization process?
Facilitates implantation in the uterine wall
What is the term used for the developmental events of the fetal period from 8 weeks to 40 weeks?
Fetal period
What is the process that leads to the production of one final ovum from each primary oocyte?
Ovulation
What is the main function of sustentacular cells in the male reproductive system?
Form the blood-testis barrier and nourish spermatogenic cells
What is the role of sex hormones in the development and function of reproductive organs?
They play vital roles in the development and function of reproductive organs
What is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis consists of 2 nuclear divisions without DNA replication, reducing the chromosomal number by half
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
It contains the testes, providing a temperature slightly lower than the body for viable sperm reproduction
What is the role of gametes in the reproductive system?
They are the sex cells, sperm in males and ova in females
What is the result of spermatogenesis?
Four unique sperm cells
What is the function of the acrosome in spermatozoa?
It contains penetration enzymes
What is the main function of the male reproductive system?
Manufacture sperm and deliver them for fertilization
What is the process that leads to the production of one final ovum from each primary oocyte?
Ovulation
What is the role of the testes in the male reproductive system?
Manufacture sperm and provide a temperature slightly lower than the body for viable sperm reproduction
What is the role of the midpiece in spermatozoa?
It contains mitochondria for movement
Study Notes
Human Reproductive System and Embryonic Development
- LH converts the ruptured follicle to a corpus luteum in the secretory phase.
- The fertilization process involves the joining of a sperm and oocyte chromosome to form a zygote.
- The zygote is the first cell of a new individual and begins rapid mitotic cell divisions.
- The embryo is the developmental stage from the start of cleavage until the ninth week.
- The blastocyst, a ball-like circle of cells, secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and implants in the uterine wall.
- The fetus, after 8 weeks, has all organ systems formed and undergoes growth and organ specialization.
- The developmental events of the fetal period are detailed from 8 weeks to 40 weeks, including changes and accomplishments.
- Hormonal induction of labor, lactation, and the feedback mechanism involve rising levels of estrogen and fetal adrenocortical hormone stimulating the release of large quantities of estrogen.
- Estrogen rise causes various physiological changes, including the formation of abundant oxytocin receptors and antagonist for progesterone influence on uterine muscle.
- Fetal cells produce oxytocin, causing the placenta to release prostaglandins, which play a major role in the softening and thinning of the cervix before labor.
- Rising levels of fetal adrenocortical hormone stimulate placental release of large quantities of estrogen towards the end of pregnancy.
- The hormonal changes towards the end of pregnancy and during labor involve a complex interplay of hormones leading to the initiation of labor.
Reproductive System and Meiosis in Detail
- Spermatids are nonmotile and are converted to functional sperm by spermiogenesis
- Spermatozoa contain genetic material in the head, acrosome with penetration enzymes, and mitochondria in the midpiece for movement
- Sustentacular cells form the blood-testis barrier, nourish spermatogenic cells, and secrete fluid for sperm transport
- Meiosis consists of 2 nuclear divisions without DNA replication, reducing the chromosomal number by half and introducing genetic variability
- Spermatogenesis involves meiosis 1 and 2, resulting in four unique sperm cells
- Oogenesis leads to the production of one final ovum from each primary oocyte, with three smaller polar bodies disintegrating
- Gonads produce sex cells and secrete sex hormones, while accessory reproductive organs support the production of offspring
- Gametes are the sex cells, sperm in males and ova in females
- The male reproductive system manufactures sperm and delivers them for fertilization, while the female reproductive system produces ova
- Sex hormones such as androgens in males and estrogen and progesterone in females play vital roles in the development and function of reproductive organs
- The scrotum contains testes, providing a temperature slightly lower than the body for viable sperm reproduction
- Testes are served by both divisions of the ANS and are supplied by testicular arteries and veins to maintain cool homeostatic temperature
Test your knowledge of the human reproductive system and embryonic development with these detailed quizzes. Explore the stages of fertilization, embryonic and fetal development, as well as the hormonal changes and mechanisms involved in labor and lactation. Delve into the specifics of meiosis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and the roles of sex hormones in the male and female reproductive systems.
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