54 Questions
What is the abbreviation for sex-hormone binding globulin?
SHBG
Which cells produce anti-Mullerian hormone in male reproductive organs?
Sertoli cells
What is the abbreviation for dihydrotestosterone?
DHT
Which hormone is responsible for the differentiation of male and female reproductive organs in the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone, testosterone, and DHT?
Estrogen (E)
Which hormone is produced by Leydig cells in male reproductive organs?
Testosterone
What is the abbreviation for benign prostatic hyperplasia?
BPH
Which duct is responsible for the differentiation of female reproductive organs in the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone, testosterone, and DHT?
Mullerian duct
Which hormone is responsible for the inhibition of spermatogenesis due to direct effects on the testes?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which condition is characterized by the absence of the vas deferens?
Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD)
Which factor is implicated in the development of infertility due to its impact on temperature regulation?
Cryptorchidism
What is the primary cause of infertility in males with varicocele?
Impaired temperature regulation
Which of the following is a potential cause of post-testicular male infertility?
Congenital or acquired ductal obstruction
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of BPH?
Androgens
Which component of the male reproductive system is primarily responsible for testosterone production?
Interstitial cells
Which hormone regulates the movement and action of other hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which condition is characterized by the absence of the Mullerian duct in males?
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
What is the primary role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male reproductive system?
Regulation of hormone movement and action within the male reproductive system
Which medication therapy is commonly used for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
Alpha1 receptor blockers and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors
What is the primary cause of male infertility according to the text?
Genetic abnormalities affecting sperm production
Which condition can contribute to signal problems in male infertility?
Hyperprolactinemia
What is the role of androgen deprivation in the treatment of BPH?
It affects various actions in the body
Which two medications are included in the management algorithm for BPH?
Dutasteride and tamsulosin
What is essential for normal structure and function of the male reproductive system, including the production of sperm?
Hormone movement and action within the male reproductive system
Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of testosterone to DHT?
5-α-reductase
What percentage of full-term male infants are affected by cryptorchidism?
2-5%
Which hormone plays a role in male development?
DHT
What regulates spermatogenesis and testosterone formation in the male reproductive system?
GnRH, FSH, LH, and inhibin
Which protein contributes to hormonal regulation in the male reproductive system?
Androgen-binding protein
What is the main hormone involved in the endocrine control of the male reproductive system?
Testosterone
Which system controls the male reproductive system and involves GnRH, FSH, LH, and inhibin?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Which hormone is the primary hormone responsible for enhancing Ca2+ uptake from the small intestine?
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
What is the primary effect of PTH on phosphate handling?
Promote phosphate excretion
Which hormone acts directly on osteoclasts and blocks bone resorption induced by hormones like PTH and Vitamin D?
Calcitonin
Which type of bone makes up 80% of the skeletal mass and is slowly remodeled?
Cortical bone
What is the primary target of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 (Vitamin D) in the body?
Intestines and bone
What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism?
Chief cell adenomas
What is the primary treatment for hypoparathyroidism?
PTH therapy (Natpara)
What is the most important etiologic factor for osteoporosis?
Gonadal steroid deficiency
What is the mechanism of action of Bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis?
Induce osteoclast apoptosis, suppress bone resorption
What is the primary cause of Osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency
What condition is characterized by bone resorption exceeding bone deposition?
Osteoporosis
What is the primary treatment for Medullary Carcinoma (Thyroid) causing hypercalcitoninemia?
Thyroid surgery
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Mobilizes calcium from bone
Which type of cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Chief cells
What is the function of Ca2+-Sensing Receptor (CaSR)?
Modulates calcium levels in the body
Which hormone is primarily responsible for calcium balance in adults?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the primary site of production regulation for calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol/Vitamin D3)?
Kidneys
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect plasma calcium levels?
Increases plasma Ca2+
What is the primary target of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
Bone, kidneys, intestines
Which hormone binding activates adenylyl cyclase and intracellular calcium mobilization?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Where is the Ca2+-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) expressed in the body?
Kidneys, thyroid C cells, brain
What type of receptor is the Ca2+-Sensing Receptor (CaSR)?
GPCR (plasma receptor)
Which hormone controls calcium homeostasis and is very sensitive to small changes in serum calcium concentration?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidneys?
Enhances renal reabsorption of calcium
Study Notes
Reproductive Medicine and Pharmacology
- Sarah, a 25-year-old pregnant pharmacy tech, is filling a finasteride prescription, which inhibits the conversion of testosterone to DHT.
- Exposure to finasteride during pregnancy poses potential risks to both Sarah and her fetus due to its impact on androgen conversion.
- Androgen exposure can affect the development of a female fetus and cause androgen deficiency in a male fetus.
- The development of male and female phenotypic fetuses involves different duct systems and hormones, with DHT playing a role in male development.
- Cryptorchidism, undescended testicles, affects 2-5% of full-term male infants and 30% of premature infants, potentially leading to decreased fertility.
- Testosterone formation and metabolism involve 5-α-reductase type I and II, SHBG, and factors that can increase or decrease SHBG levels.
- Androgen action influences the development of male characteristics, HPA gonadotropin secretion, sexual maturation, and secondary sexual characteristics.
- Spermatogenesis involves germ cell development, FSH and LH regulation, and high intratesticular testosterone levels.
- The anatomy of the male reproductive system and the duct system of the testis play crucial roles in reproductive function and hormone regulation.
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls the male reproductive system, involving GnRH, FSH, LH, and inhibin for spermatogenesis and testosterone formation.
- The endocrine control of the male reproductive system includes androgen-binding protein, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, and testosterone, all contributing to hormonal regulation.
- The text contains figures and excerpts from medical textbooks, and the content is copyrighted by McGraw-Hill Education.
Test your knowledge of reproductive medicine and pharmacology with this quiz covering topics such as androgen conversion, fetal development, testosterone metabolism, spermatogenesis, male reproductive system anatomy, and endocrine control. This quiz contains copyrighted content from medical textbooks.
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