Reproductive Health & Population Stabilization

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Questions and Answers

Which mechanism of action is NOT directly associated with hormone-releasing IUDs?

  • Making the uterus unsuitable for implantation
  • Suppression of sperm motility through copper ions (correct)
  • Hostile cervical environment to sperms
  • Inhibition of ovulation

Saheli, a steroidal oral contraceptive, requires daily administration for 21 days to prevent conception effectively.

False (B)

Besides preventing sperm entry, hormone releasing IUDs prevent what from happening?

implantation

Copper releasing IUDs affect sperm by reducing ______.

<p>motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the IUD type with its primary mechanism of action:

<p>Non-medicated IUDs = Increase phagocytosis of sperms Copper-releasing IUDs = Suppress sperm motility Hormone-releasing IUDs = Make uterus unsuitable for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who has just given birth wants to use a contraceptive method that is effective immediately, long-lasting, and doesn't require her to remember to take a pill every day. Which of the following would be the MOST suitable option?

<p>Copper-releasing IUDs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oral contraceptive pills primarily function by creating a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the egg.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general dosage schedule of a typical oral contraceptive pill?

<p>21 days on, 7 days off</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action would LEAST effectively address the consequences of rapid population growth as described?

<p>Implementing policies that provide incentives for larger families to stimulate economic growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ideal contraceptive should enhance sexual drive and desire to improve the overall experience for the user.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the period between the 10th and 17th day of the menstrual cycle is considered the 'fertile period' in the context of natural contraception methods.

<p>This period is when ovulation is most likely to occur, increasing the chances of fertilization if coitus takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method of contraception where the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina before ejaculation is known as coitus ______ or ______.

<p>interruptus, withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each contraceptive method with its primary mechanism of action:

<p>Periodic abstinence = Avoiding coitus during the fertile period to prevent sperm from meeting the ovum. Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus) = Preventing insemination by withdrawing the penis before ejaculation. Oral contraceptives = Hormonal regulation to prevent ovulation, thus preventing pregnancy. Condoms = Physical barrier to prevent sperm from entering the female reproductive tract during intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal contraceptive method?

<p>Completely irreversible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple is diligently practicing periodic abstinence as a method of contraception. They abstain from intercourse from days 10 to 17 of the woman's menstrual cycle. However, the woman has an unusually short menstrual cycle, typically lasting only 24 days. What adjustments, if any, should the couple make to their abstinence period to improve the effectiveness of this method?

<p>They should start the abstinence period earlier, from days 6 to 13, to ensure they cover the potentially earlier ovulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Hum Do Hamare Do' slogan promotes having two children, and it is exclusively targeted at rural families to control population growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical sterilization method involves the removal of a small part of the vas deferens?

<p>Vasectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergency contraceptives are ineffective if administered more than 72 hours after unprotected intercourse.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which surgical sterilization methods prevent conception?

<p>blocking gamete transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was amended in ______ by the government of India.

<p>2017</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sterilization procedure with the corresponding reproductive structure that is altered:

<p>Vasectomy = Vas deferens Tubectomy = Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to consult qualified medical professionals when selecting a contraceptive method?

<p>To ensure the chosen method aligns with individual health and circumstances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration regarding the reversibility of vasectomy and tubectomy?

<p>Reversibility is generally very poor for both procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, within what timeframe of pregnancy may a pregnancy be terminated on considered grounds on the opinion of one registered medical practitioner?

<p>Within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains why reproductive health-care programs prioritize prevention and early detection of infections, especially among individuals aged 15-24?

<p>Because this age group experiences a disproportionately high incidence of these infections, and prevention is more effective than treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of infertility in India, it is always the female partner who is responsible.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three general methods that can help prevent reproductive infections.

<ol> <li>Avoid sex with unknown/multiple partners. 2. Use condoms during sex. 3. Seek early detection and complete treatment if infected.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In IVF, if the early embryo contains up to 8 blastomeres, it is transferred into the ______ (ZIFT).

<p>fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following assisted reproductive technologies (ART) with their descriptions:

<p>IVF = Fertilization outside the body ET = Embryo transfer ZIFT = Zygote intrafallopian transfer IUT = Intrauterine transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple has been trying to conceive for several years without success. After numerous tests, doctors determine that the woman's fallopian tubes are severely damaged, preventing natural fertilization. Which ART is most suitable for them?

<p>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) followed by Embryo Transfer (ET) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A couple is undergoing IVF. After fertilization in vitro, the resulting zygote has divided into 6 blastomeres. According to the standard ART protocols, which procedure should be followed next?

<p>Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are considered a valuable option for couples struggling with infertility, but also discuss a potential social or ethical concern associated with their use.

<p>ART offers a chance to conceive when natural methods fail due to physical, congenital, or other issues. Ethically, concerns arise around the selection/disposal of embryos, the potential for multiple births, and the emotional/financial strain on couples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately assesses the reliability and duration of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) for contraception?

<p>LAM is most effective for up to six months post-partum, assuming the mother is fully breastfeeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps, primarily function by altering the hormonal environment of the female reproductive system to prevent ovulation and subsequent fertilization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the dual benefits of using condoms as a method of contraception, particularly in the context of public health.

<p>Condoms prevent pregnancy and protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults are contraception methods that are ______, offering a cost-effective solution for family planning.

<p>reusable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the contraceptive method to its primary mechanism of action:

<p>Condoms = Physical barrier preventing sperm from entering the female reproductive tract. Diaphragms = Block the entry of sperm through the cervix. Lactational Amenorrhea = Suppresses ovulation due to intense lactation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would MOST appropriately utilize Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

<p>A woman unable to produce viable ova but able to provide a suitable environment for fertilization and fetal development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between male and female condoms regarding their usage and accessibility?

<p>Both male and female condoms are disposable and can be self-inserted, providing users with privacy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a technique used to directly introduce semen into the vagina or uterus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effectiveness of diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults as contraceptive methods is solely dependent on their correct placement before intercourse; the use of spermicidal jelly or cream does not significantly impact their efficacy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two significant limitations hindering the widespread adoption of advanced reproductive technologies like IVF and ICSI?

<p>High costs and the need for specialized expertise and equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the introduction and promotion of 'Nirodh' have influenced contraceptive practices and public health in the specified context.

<p>'Nirodh', a popular condom brand, has increased condom usage, contributing to contraception and STI/AIDS prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of male infertility, where the male partner is unable to inseminate, or has a very low sperm count, ______ may be used.

<p>artificial insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each assisted reproductive technology with its primary application.

<p>In-vivo Fertilization = Embryo transfer for females who cannot conceive. GIFT (Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer) = Transfer of donor ovum for females who cannot produce one. ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) = Direct injection of sperm into ovum in a laboratory. AI (Artificial Insemination) = Correcting male infertility issues by introducing semen into the vagina or uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of reproductive health, according to the text?

<p>Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, behavioral, and social. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might legal adoption be considered 'one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood,' according to the text?

<p>Adoption addresses the needs of orphaned and destitute children while fulfilling the desire for parenthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clinic decides to implement a new policy requiring extensive counseling for all couples considering assisted reproductive technologies. Which justification aligns BEST with the text's broader emphasis?

<p>To prepare couples for the emotional, religious, and social factors that may influence their decision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lactational amenorrhea

The absence of menstruation due to intense lactation after childbirth.

Effective duration of lactational amenorrhea

This method is effective for a maximum of six months postpartum.

Benefits of lactational amenorrhea

No medicines/devices used, with minimal side effects.

Barrier methods of contraception

Methods that prevent sperm and egg from meeting through physical barriers.

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Condom

A thin rubber/latex sheath used to cover the penis or vagina to prevent conception.

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Benefits of using condoms

Protect against STIs/AIDS and prevent unplanned conception.

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Nirodh

A popular brand of male condom used to prevent conception.

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Diaphragm and cervical caps

Rubber barriers inserted into the female reproductive tract to block sperm entry.

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Spermicidal agents

Substances like creams, jellies, and foams that kill sperm.

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Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)

Devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

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Non-medicated IUDs

IUDs such as the Lippes loop that do not release medication.

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Copper-releasing IUDs

IUDs like CuT releasing copper ions to hinder sperm function.

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Hormone releasing IUDs

IUDs that release hormones to prevent implantation and sperm entry.

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Oral contraceptive pills

Tablets taken to prevent ovulation and implantation of eggs.

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Saheli

A non-steroidal oral contraceptive taken weekly with fewer side effects.

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Progestogen injections/implants

Hormonal contraceptives administered via injection or as skin implants.

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Population growth rate

The speed at which a population increases in size over a specific period.

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Contraceptive methods

Techniques used to prevent pregnancy during or after sexual intercourse.

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Ideal contraceptive

A contraceptive that is user-friendly, effective, reversible, and minimizes side effects.

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Natural methods of contraception

Contraceptive techniques that avoid ovum and sperm meeting without intervention.

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Periodic abstinence

A natural contraceptive method where couples avoid intercourse during peak fertility days.

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Coitus interruptus

A method where the male withdraws before ejaculation to prevent insemination.

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Small family incentives

Benefits provided by the government to encourage couples to have fewer children.

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Hum Do Hamare Do

A slogan promoting family planning emphasizing two parents and two children.

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Reproductive health programs

Programs aimed at preventing and detecting reproductive diseases early.

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Age group at risk

Persons aged 15-24 are highly vulnerable to reproductive infections.

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Prevention methods

Steps to avoid reproductive infections include using condoms and limiting partners.

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Infertility

Inability of couples to conceive after unprotected sexual activity.

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Causes of infertility

Infertility can stem from physical, psychological, or medical reasons.

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Infertility clinics

Specialized health units that diagnose and treat infertility issues.

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Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

Techniques to help couples conceive when natural methods fail.

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In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A process where fertilization occurs outside the body, followed by embryo transfer.

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Emergency contraceptives

Pelvic interventions used within 72 hours to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure.

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Progestogens

Hormones used in emergency contraception to prevent ovulation or fertilization.

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Surgical sterilization

Permanent methods for preventing pregnancy, including vasectomy and tubectomy.

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Vasectomy

Surgical procedure in males where part of the vas deferens is cut or sealed to prevent sperm from entering the semen.

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Tubectomy

Surgical procedure in females where part of the fallopian tube is cut or sealed to prevent egg transport.

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Reversibility of sterilization

The potential for surgical sterilization procedures to be undone, which is very low for vasectomy and tubectomy.

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Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 2017

Indian act allowing termination of pregnancy under certain specified conditions within 12 weeks.

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Consultation with medical professionals

The importance of discussing contraceptive methods with qualified doctors before use.

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In-vitro fertilisation

The fusion of gametes outside the female body to form embryos.

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GIFT

Gamete intra fallopian transfer; transferring an ovum into the fallopian tube of another female.

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ICSI

Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection; a process of injecting sperm directly into an ovum.

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Artificial insemination

Technique to introduce semen into the female to aid conception.

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IUI

Intra-uterine insemination; a method of placing semen directly in the uterus.

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Reproductive health

Total well-being in the physical, emotional, and social aspects of reproduction.

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Counseling in reproductive health

Providing education on reproductive organs and safe sexual practices.

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Adoption as a parenting option

Legal process allowing couples to become parents by taking care of orphaned children.

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Study Notes

Reproductive Health

  • Reproductive health encompasses the total well-being in all aspects of reproduction—physical, emotional, behavioral, and social.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes.
  • India initiated national-level family planning programs in 1951 to achieve total reproductive health as a social goal.

Population Stabilization and Birth Control

  • Population growth has dramatically increased due to improved health facilities and better living conditions.
  • Global population: 2 billion in 1900, 6 billion in 2000, and 7.2 billion in 2011.
  • India's population: Approximately 350 million at independence, nearing 1 billion by 2000 and exceeding 1.2 billion by May 2011.
  • Lowering birth rates (currently < 2%) is crucial to prevent absolute scarcity of resources.
  • Motivating smaller families through contraceptive methods is a key strategy.

Contraceptive Methods

  • Natural/Traditional Methods: Avoiding coitus during the fertile period (days 10-17 of the menstrual cycle) or withdrawal (coitus interruptus). Lactational amenorrhoea method.
  • Barrier Methods: Condoms (male and female), diaphragms, cervical caps, vaults, spermicides.
  • Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Copper-releasing IUDs (CuT), non-medicated IUDs (Lippes loop) and hormone-releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20)
  • Oral Contraceptives (Pills): Progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations, taken daily for 21 days.
  • Injectable/Implants: Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen, longer-lasting contraceptive options.
  • Surgical Methods: Vasectomy (male) and Tubectomy (female), permanent sterilisation.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

  • Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term.
  • Legally permitted in India since 1971 with strict safeguards against misuse.
  • MTP is usually done in the first 12 weeks, sometimes up to 20–24 weeks in very specific circumstances.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

  • Infections transmitted through sexual contact.
  • Includes diseases like Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital Herpes, Chlamydiasis, Genital Warts, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS.
  • Prevention: safe sexual practices, using condoms, early detection, and prompt medical attention.

Infertility

  • Inability to conceive or produce children after two years of unprotected sexual intercourse.
  • Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): methods to help couples overcome infertility problems like In vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

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