Reproductive Health Indicators Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) indicate?

The number of maternal deaths per live births

The percentage of women using contraceptives

The average age at which women give birth

The total number of children a woman would have based on current fertility rates (correct)

Which indicator measures the percent of women of reproductive age using contraceptives?

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (correct)

Total Fertility Rate

Maternal Mortality Ratio

Antenatal Care Coverage

What does a high Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) indicate?

High levels of antenatal care

High birth weight prevalence

High contraceptive use

High annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (correct)

Which of the following indicators assesses the percentage of women attended by skilled health personnel during pregnancy?

Antenatal Care Coverage Signup and view all the answers

What does the Percent of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel refer to?

The proportion of births attended by trained health professionals Signup and view all the answers

What is considered maternal death?

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days after termination due to pregnancy-related complications. Signup and view all the answers

What was the global rate of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017?

211 maternal deaths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major complications that account for nearly 75% of all maternal deaths?

Accidental death during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What does the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) measure?

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a given time period. Signup and view all the answers

In which region did almost 95% of all maternal deaths occur in 2020?

Low and lower middle-income countries Signup and view all the answers

What role does skilled health care professional play during childbirth?

They can save the lives of women and newborns before, during, and after childbirth. Signup and view all the answers

What does a maternal mortality ratio above 250 per 100,000 live births often indicate?

Systematic problems in access to care. Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of positive syphilis serology among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics?

It represents the percentage of pregnant women with positive blood tests for syphilis. Signup and view all the answers

How is anemia defined for pregnant women in terms of hemoglobin levels?

Hemoglobin levels below 110 g/l. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage measure indicates the rate of obstetric and gynecological admissions due to abortion?

Percent of spontaneous and induced abortion cases admitted. Signup and view all the answers

What does the prevalence of infertility define for women of reproductive age?

Women trying for a pregnancy for two years or more. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pregnant women in antenatal clinics is measured for HIV prevalence?

All pregnant women regardless of symptomatology. Signup and view all the answers

What knowledge is assessed regarding HIV-related prevention practices?

Correct identification of three major ways to prevent sexual transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What is the total fertility rate (TFR) most closely associated with?

Contraceptive prevalence and reproductive health indicators. Signup and view all the answers

What does maternal death refer to?

The death of a woman during pregnancy from any cause. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Istanbul Gelisim University

Istanbul Gelisim University is dedicated to ecological, economic, and social sustainability.
Website: www.gelisim.edu.tr

Department of Nursing (ENG)

Course: Women's Health and Diseases Nursing
Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD

Course Information

Credits: 8 Credit / 9 ECTS
Link: https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12715-2
Week: 17

Topics to be Learned This Week

Basic concepts of women's reproductive health indicators
Roles and functions of a women's health nurse

Women's Reproductive Health Indicators

Total fertility rate
Contraceptive prevalence
Maternal mortality ratio
Antenatal care coverage
Births attended by skilled health personnel
Availability of basic essential obstetric care,
Availability of comprehensive essential obstetric care
Perinatal mortality rate
Prevalence of low birth weight
Prevalence of positive syphilis serology in pregnant women
Prevalence of anemia in women
Percentage of obstetric and gynecological admissions owing to abortion
Reported prevalence of women with genital mutilation
Prevalence of infertility in women
Reported incidence of urethritis in men
Prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women
Knowledge of HIV-related preventive practices

Key Reproductive Health Indicators Definitions

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The total number of children a woman would have if she experienced current fertility rates throughout her childbearing years.
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR): The percentage of women of reproductive age (15-49) using contraception.
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): The annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Antenatal Care Coverage: The percentage of women receiving antenatal care from trained health personnel during pregnancy.
Percent of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel: The percentage of births attended by skilled personnel (excluding traditional birth attendants) during pregnancy.
Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care: The number of facilities providing basic obstetric care per 500,000 population.
Availability of Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care: The number of facilities offering comprehensive obstetric care per 500,000 population.
Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR): The number of perinatal deaths (stillbirths and deaths within the first week of life) per 1,000 total births.
Low Birth Weight Prevalence: The percentage of live births weighing less than 2,500g.

Other Key Terms

Positive Syphilis Serology Prevalence in Pregnant Women: The percentage of pregnant women with positive syphilis serology.
Prevalence of Anemia in Women: The percentage of women of reproductive age (15-49) with hemoglobin levels below 110g/L (pregnant) or 120g/L (non-pregnant).
Percent of Obstetric and Gynecological Admissions Due to Abortion: The percentage of hospital admissions due to abortion (spontaneous and induced).
Prevalence of Infertility in Women: The percentage of women of reproductive age experiencing infertility (trying to conceive for at least two years without success).
HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women: The percentage of pregnant women who are HIV-positive.
Knowledge of HIV-related Prevention Practices: The percentage of respondents who correctly identify ways to prevent HIV transmission.

What is Maternal Death?

The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy due to pregnancy-related causes, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
Global rate in 2017: 211 maternal deaths / 100,000 live births.
Almost 95% of maternal deaths occur in low and lower-middle-income countries.
Preventable causes account for almost 800 maternal deaths daily in 2020

Why do Women Die?

Complications during and after pregnancy and childbirth.
Preventable conditions.
- Severe bleeding (mostly after childbirth)
- Infections (usually after childbirth)
- High blood pressure (preeclampsia and eclampsia)
- Complication from delivery (eg: unsafe abortion)

What is Maternal Mortality?

MMR = Maternal mortality ratio: The ratio of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, in a given time period.
MMRate: The rate of maternal deaths per 1000 women of reproductive age (15-49 years).

Important Terms in Obstetric Nursing

Low birth weight: Infants weighing less than 2500g at birth.
Perinatal mortality Death of a fetus or newborn within the first week of life, in reference to total live births.
Live Birth: expulsion from the mother which displays visible signs of life, such as breathing, heartbeats, or muscle movements.
Fetal death: death of a fetus before expulsion which does not show these signs.
Duration of gestation: The duration between the first day of the last menstrual period and birth.
Prenatal period (antenatal): The period from fetal development to birth.
Perinatal: The period immediately before and after birth (i.e., 22 weeks of gestation up to 7 days after).
Postnatal: The period after birth up to 6 weeks postpartum.

Prenatal Stage

Germinal stage: Fertilization to fertilization of egg and sperm
Embryonic stage: Organ formation
Fetal stage: Body systems development

Prenatal Care

Education on pregnancy changes, fetal growth, diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding harmful behaviors.
Folic acid recommendations (1 month before trying to conceive to the end of the first trimester.)
Regular prenatal checks (blood pressure, weight, swelling, blood tests, ultrasounds)
Screening for gestational diabetes and anemia
Risk assessments (Double and Triple Tests) to identify high-risk pregnancies (e.g., high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia).

Managing High-Risk Pregnancies

Close monitoring (blood pressure, glucose)
Education regarding pregnancy care for high risk pregnancies.
Coordinated care with specialists
Early delivery may be needed if complications arise.
Complications include hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia

Postpartum Care

Monitoring maternal recovery, newborn health, and complications such as post-delivery infections and haemorrhage.
Proper Wound care
Family support and education regarding birth spacing and contraception.
Emotional support in the postpartum period

Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Techniques

Nurses provide support to couples coping with infertility
Educate on treatments, such as IVF.
Offer emotional support, navigating options, and exploring alternatives (adoption, surrogacy).

Multiple Choice Questions

(Note: Question and answers are presented as context.)

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Description

Test your knowledge on key reproductive health indicators such as Total Fertility Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio, and the percentage of women attended by skilled health personnel during pregnancy. This quiz covers essential concepts that help in understanding reproductive health metrics and their implications.