Reproductive Health Indicators Quiz

Istanbul Gelisim University

• Istanbul Gelisim University is dedicated to ecological, economic, and social sustainability.
• Website: www.gelisim.edu.tr

Department of Nursing (ENG)

• Course: Women's Health and Diseases Nursing
• Lecturer: Dr. N. Alper Sahbaz, MD

Course Information

• Credits: 8 Credit / 9 ECTS
• Link: https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12715-2
• Week: 17

Topics to be Learned This Week

• Basic concepts of women's reproductive health indicators
• Roles and functions of a women's health nurse

Women's Reproductive Health Indicators

• Total fertility rate
• Contraceptive prevalence
• Maternal mortality ratio
• Antenatal care coverage
• Births attended by skilled health personnel
• Availability of basic essential obstetric care,
• Availability of comprehensive essential obstetric care
• Perinatal mortality rate
• Prevalence of low birth weight
• Prevalence of positive syphilis serology in pregnant women
• Prevalence of anemia in women
• Percentage of obstetric and gynecological admissions owing to abortion
• Reported prevalence of women with genital mutilation
• Prevalence of infertility in women
• Reported incidence of urethritis in men
• Prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women
• Knowledge of HIV-related preventive practices

Key Reproductive Health Indicators Definitions

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The total number of children a woman would have if she experienced current fertility rates throughout her childbearing years.
• Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR): The percentage of women of reproductive age (15-49) using contraception.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): The annual number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
• Antenatal Care Coverage: The percentage of women receiving antenatal care from trained health personnel during pregnancy.
• Percent of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel: The percentage of births attended by skilled personnel (excluding traditional birth attendants) during pregnancy.
• Availability of Basic Essential Obstetric Care: The number of facilities providing basic obstetric care per 500,000 population.
• Availability of Comprehensive Essential Obstetric Care: The number of facilities offering comprehensive obstetric care per 500,000 population.
• Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR): The number of perinatal deaths (stillbirths and deaths within the first week of life) per 1,000 total births.
• Low Birth Weight Prevalence: The percentage of live births weighing less than 2,500g.

Other Key Terms

• Positive Syphilis Serology Prevalence in Pregnant Women: The percentage of pregnant women with positive syphilis serology.
• Prevalence of Anemia in Women: The percentage of women of reproductive age (15-49) with hemoglobin levels below 110g/L (pregnant) or 120g/L (non-pregnant).
• Percent of Obstetric and Gynecological Admissions Due to Abortion: The percentage of hospital admissions due to abortion (spontaneous and induced).
• Prevalence of Infertility in Women: The percentage of women of reproductive age experiencing infertility (trying to conceive for at least two years without success).
• HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women: The percentage of pregnant women who are HIV-positive.
• Knowledge of HIV-related Prevention Practices: The percentage of respondents who correctly identify ways to prevent HIV transmission.

What is Maternal Death?

• The death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy due to pregnancy-related causes, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
• Global rate in 2017: 211 maternal deaths / 100,000 live births.
• Almost 95% of maternal deaths occur in low and lower-middle-income countries.
• Preventable causes account for almost 800 maternal deaths daily in 2020

Why do Women Die?

• Complications during and after pregnancy and childbirth.
• Preventable conditions.
  • Severe bleeding (mostly after childbirth)
  • Infections (usually after childbirth)
  • High blood pressure (preeclampsia and eclampsia)
  • Complication from delivery (eg: unsafe abortion)

What is Maternal Mortality?

• MMR = Maternal mortality ratio: The ratio of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, in a given time period.
• MMRate: The rate of maternal deaths per 1000 women of reproductive age (15-49 years).

Important Terms in Obstetric Nursing

• Low birth weight: Infants weighing less than 2500g at birth.
• Perinatal mortality Death of a fetus or newborn within the first week of life, in reference to total live births.
• Live Birth: expulsion from the mother which displays visible signs of life, such as breathing, heartbeats, or muscle movements.
• Fetal death: death of a fetus before expulsion which does not show these signs.
• Duration of gestation: The duration between the first day of the last menstrual period and birth.
• Prenatal period (antenatal): The period from fetal development to birth.
• Perinatal: The period immediately before and after birth (i.e., 22 weeks of gestation up to 7 days after).
• Postnatal: The period after birth up to 6 weeks postpartum.

Prenatal Stage

• Germinal stage: Fertilization to fertilization of egg and sperm
• Embryonic stage: Organ formation
• Fetal stage: Body systems development

Prenatal Care

• Education on pregnancy changes, fetal growth, diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding harmful behaviors.
• Folic acid recommendations (1 month before trying to conceive to the end of the first trimester.)
• Regular prenatal checks (blood pressure, weight, swelling, blood tests, ultrasounds)
• Screening for gestational diabetes and anemia
• Risk assessments (Double and Triple Tests) to identify high-risk pregnancies (e.g., high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia).

Managing High-Risk Pregnancies

• Close monitoring (blood pressure, glucose)
• Education regarding pregnancy care for high risk pregnancies.
• Coordinated care with specialists
• Early delivery may be needed if complications arise.
• Complications include hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia

Postpartum Care

• Monitoring maternal recovery, newborn health, and complications such as post-delivery infections and haemorrhage.
• Proper Wound care
• Family support and education regarding birth spacing and contraception.
• Emotional support in the postpartum period

Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Techniques

• Nurses provide support to couples coping with infertility
• Educate on treatments, such as IVF.
• Offer emotional support, navigating options, and exploring alternatives (adoption, surrogacy).

Multiple Choice Questions

• (Note: Question and answers are presented as context.)